Physiology

Question 1

The outer leaflet of the cell membrane is composed of:

Answer 1

Sphingomyelin and Phosphatidylcholine

Question 2

The integral proteins which are essential in the structural integrity of the cell are held together by:

Answer 2

Hydrophobic interactions

Question 3

Intracellular structure between cells that divides the cell into the basolateral and the apical membrane:

Answer 3

Zonula Occludens or Tight junctions

Question 4

Intracellular structure between cells that are involved in rapid intercellular communication:

Answer 4

Gap junctions

Question 5

Intracellular structure between cells that increases the surface area:

Answer 5

Zonula adherens

Question 6

Intracellular disk shaped structure between cells that provides tight intracellular adhesion:

Answer 6

Macula adherens/Desmosomes

Question 7

What are the integral proteins inside the tight junctions?

Answer 7

Claudins

Question 8

Enzyme deficient on Krabbe Disease:

Answer 8

Galactocerebrocidase

Question 9

Most important characteristic of hydrophobic molecules in their cellular permeability:

Answer 9

Lipid solubility

Question 10

Formula for flux

Answer 10

J = PA (C1-C2)

Question 11

What are the important characteristics of a carrier mediated transport system?

Answer 11

Stereospecificity, saturation, competetion

Question 12

What is the formula for osmotic pressure?

Answer 12

Osmotic pressure = concentration x number of dissociable particles

Question 13

Diffusion potential that balances the tendency for diffusion created by differences in solution concentration:

Answer 13

Nernst potential

Question 14

What are the astrocytes in the grey matter that secretes substances that maintain the appropriate concentration of ions and NTs?

Answer 14

Protoplasmic astrocytes

Question 15

Syndrome characterized by marked autoantibodies against calcium channels in the presynaptic terminal leading to decrease NTA release:

Answer 15

Lambert Eaton Syndrome

Question 16

What would be the diagnosis if there is the presence of oligoclonal bands in the CSF analysis in a patient with distinct episodes of neurologic deficits separated in time and attributable to white matter lesions that are separate in space?

Answer 16

Multiple sclerosis

Question 17

What is the primary neurotransmitter in the Post ganglionic sympathetic neurons?

Answer 17

Norepinephrine

Question 18

What is the neurotransmitter released in the hypothalamus that is also called the PIF or the Prolactin Inhibitory Factor?

Answer 18

Dopamine

Question 19

True or false: Epinephrine has a greater B2 effect than NE?

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord:

Answer 20

Glycine

Question 21

May inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain:

Answer 21

GABA

Question 22

May excitatory NT of the brain formed by the amination of alpha ketoglutarate:

Answer 22

Glutamate

Question 23

Opioid receptor acted upon by morphine that results in respiratory depression:

Answer 23

Mu

Question 24

Type of muscle fiber characterized as slow twitch, rich in myoglobin, and is used for endurance (undergoes Oxidative Phosphorylation):

Answer 24

Type I

Question 25

Protein that binds myosin to z lines and binds z lines to m lines:

Answer 25

Titin

Question 26

Protein associated with Muscular Dystrophy that prevents contraction induced rupture:

Answer 26

Dystrophin

Question 27

Protein the binds Actin to Z lines:

Answer 27

Actinin and Cap Z

Question 28

Protein that binds z lines to the sarcolemma:

Answer 28

Desmin

Question 29

Toxin that prevents the release of Ach from the pre synaptic terminals:

Answer 29

Botulinum toxin

Question 30

Substance that blocks the reuptake of Choline into the presynaptic terminal:

Answer 30

Hemicholinium

Question 31

Substance that competes with Ach receptors for Motor end plate:

Answer 31

Curare

Question 32

Substance that inhibits acetylcholinesterase:

Answer 32

Neostigmine

Question 33

Sensory fiber type involved in touch, pain, temperature, and pressure:

Answer 33

Type III

Question 34

General fiber type of post ganglionic neurons that are also involved in slow pain sensation:

Answer 34

Type C

Question 35

Which order of neurons in the sensory pathway may decussate? (Spinal cord)

Answer 35

2nd order

Question 36

What is the neurotransmitter utilized in slow pain sensation?

Answer 36

Substance P

Question 37

Chemical neurotransmitters secreted in the Spinal dorsal horn:

Answer 37

Serotonin and Enkephalin

Question 38

Chemical neurotransmitters secreted in the DRG:

Answer 38

Opioid

Question 39

Which structure in the eye has the most contribution to its refractive power?

Answer 39

Cornea

Question 40

Sequence of events from the ciliary muscle when the eye undergoes accommodation or focuses on a nearby object:

Answer 40

Ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments relax, lens become spherical

Question 41

Eye condition wherein the lens is characterized as long, light rays converge in front of the retina, and is corrected by biconcave lenses:

Answer 41

Myopia

Question 42

Refractive error wherein there is too great curvature or thee is irregular non uniform curvature of the cornea; It is also where light rays converge at different locations in relation to the retina:

Answer 42

Astigmatism

Question 43

Astigmatism is best corrected by what type of lens?

Answer 43

Cylindrical

Question 44

Condition characterized by loss of accommodation that occurs ate age >40 y/o related to inability of the ciliary muscles to contract:

Answer 44

Presbyopia

Question 45

Cells that maintain the inner geometry of the Retina:

Answer 45

Muller cells

Question 46

Lesions in the Meyer's loop or the temporal lobe lead to which type of vision loss:

Answer 46

Pie in the sky or Contralateral Superior left homonymous quadrantanopia

Question 47

Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia is produced by lesions in which optic pathway?

Answer 47

Optic tract and geniculocalcrine tract

Question 48

The physiologic blind spot corresponds to which structure in the eye?

Answer 48

Optic disc

Question 49

Steps in RODS photoreception:

Answer 49

Vitamin A 11 cis - 11 all trans - metarhodopsin - transductin - increase phosphodiesterase - decrease cGMP - decrease sodium influx - hyperpolarization - decrease glutamate

Question 50

E wave in 2d Echo

Answer 50

Early diastolic filling

Question 51

Percentage of ATP used to produce heat:

Answer 51

60%

Question 52

Scattered specific cells which lie close to the basement membrane of the bronchi and bronchioles:

Answer 52

Kulchitsky cells

Question 53

Mechanism of growth hormone:

Answer 53

Tyrosine kinase (everything that grows Tyrosine kinase)

Question 54

Most abundant component of the cell membrane:

Answer 54

Protein

Question 55

What is the formula for Effective osmotic pressure?

Answer 55

Osmotic pressure x Reflection coefficient

Question 56

Among endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins, which has opioid peptide has the most affinity to Mu receptors?

Answer 56

Endorphins

Question 57

Extrapyramidal tract that stimulates both flexors and extensors:

Answer 57

Pontine reticulospinal tract

Question 58

Spinal tract that stimulates both flexors and extensors:

Answer 58

Pontine reticulospinal tract

Question 59

Spinal tract that inhibits both flexors and extensors:

Answer 59

Medullary reticulospinal tract

Question 60

Spinal tract that inhibits extensors and stimulates flexors:

Answer 60

Rubrospinal tract/Midbrain red nucleus

Question 61

What is the most potent vasoconstrictor?

Answer 61

Vasopressin

Question 62

What is increased in Restrictive lung disease? FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, or FRC?

Answer 62

Normal or increased FEV1/FVC

Question 63

What is increased in OBSTRUCTIVE lung disease? FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, or FRC?

Answer 63

FRC

Question 64

Average Cardiac output at rest:

Answer 64

5L

Question 65

Pressure in the systemic pressure when heart stops:

Answer 65

Mean Systemic Filling Pressure

Question 66

Blood vessel with the greatest resistance:

Answer 66

Arterioles

Question 67

Arteries that contain stressed volume:

Answer 67

Arteries

Question 68

Blood vessels where most of the blood are contained:

Answer 68

Veins

Question 69

Pre and Post ganglionic nerve fibers utilizes what type of neurons?

Answer 69

Pre Type B, Post Type C

Question 70

Nerve fibers for sexual sensations and smell?

Answer 70

Type C

Question 71

Secondary afferents of muscle spindle; also for touch and pressure?

Answer 71

Type A-beta

Question 72

Gamma motor neurons of muscle spindles:

Answer 72

Type A-gamma

Question 73

Skeletomotor fibers, large alpha motor neurons; also Afferent neurons for muscle spindles and golgi tendon:

Answer 73

Type A-alpha

Question 74

Motor nerve fibers for slow and fast pain respectively:

Answer 74

Slow - type C; Fast type - A-delta

Question 75

Onion shaped tactile receptors for high frequency vibration:

Answer 75

Pacinian

Question 76

Tactile receptor for low frequency:

Answer 76

Meissner

Question 77

Tactile receptor for steady pressure:

Answer 77

Ruffini

Question 78

FSSF (1122)

Answer 78

Meissner, Merkel, Ruffini, Pacinian

Question 79

Tactile receptor for texture:

Answer 79

Meissner and Merkel

Question 80

Retinal glial cells:

Answer 80

Muller cells

Question 81

Ganglion cells for color form and fine details:

Answer 81

P cells (M cells for illumination; W - unknown)

Question 82

EEG wave when eyes are open (awake) and during REM sleep:

Answer 82

Beta waves

Question 83

EEG wave on NREM:

Answer 83

Delta waves

Question 84

EEG wave when eyes are closed (awake):

Answer 84

Alpha

Question 85

NTAs that increases from NREM to awake:

Answer 85

NE, Histamine, Serotonin

Question 86

Main mechanism for heat loss:

Answer 86

Radiation

Question 87

Formula for BLOOD PRESSURE:

Answer 87

CO X TPR

Question 88

Cardiac output formula:

Answer 88

SV x HR

Question 89

Venous return formula:

Answer 89

MSFP - RAP/RVR

Question 90

MAP formula:

Answer 90

DP + 1/3(PP)