Physiology Flashcards
(238 cards)
1
Q
Forms myelin in the CNS
A
Oligodendrocytes
2
Q
Forms myelin in tthe PNS
A
Schwann cells
3
Q
Part of the neuron where NT receptors are found
A
Dendrites
4
Q
Part of the nueron where organelles, nucleus is seen
A
Cell body
5
Q
Unmyelinated portion of the axon
A
Nodes of Ranvier
6
Q
Space between the neurons
A
Synapse
7
Q
Endplate potential is caused by
A
Increased in Na+ conductance / Na+ influx
8
Q
Fast IPSP can be caused by
A
Opening of Cl- channels
Opening of K+ channels
Closure of Na+ or Ca2+ channels
9
Q
Fast EPSP is caused by
A
Influx of Na+ and Ca2+
10
Q
Slow EPSP is caused by
A
Decrease in K+ conductance
(Slow K+ efflux)
11
Q
Presynaptic inhibition is caused by
A
Opening of votage gated K+ channels (K+ efflux)
12
Q
Maybe inhibitory or excitatory, created by choline acetyltransferase from Acetyl coA and Choline
A
Acetylcholine
13
Q
Foundinthelocuscoeruleusofpons; NeuroMODULATOR in the CNS and
NeuroTRANSMITTER in the PNS
A
NE
Prmary NT from postganglionnic sympathetic neurons
14
Q
Secreted mainly by the adrenal medulla; greaterBeta-2action than NE
A
Epinephrine
15
Q
Secreted in the substantia nigra (fine-tunes movement)
Also secreted by the hypothalamus (PIF or PIH) to inhibit prolactin;
A
Dopamine
16
Q
Dopamine receptor that activates adenylate cyclase using Gs protein
A
D1
17
Q
dopamine receptor that inhibits adenylate cyclase using Gi protein;
A
D2
18
Q
Serotonin raphe is found in which area of the brain
A
Median raphe
19
Q
from tryptophan, converted to melatonin; associated with low levels when depressed
A
Serotonin
20
Q
Permeant gas, vasodilator; inhibitory neurtransmitter
A
Nitrous Oxide
21
Q
Nuerotransmiters that are Phenylalanine derivatives?
A
Tyrosine, L-Dopa, Dopamine, NE, E
22
Q
Neurotransmitters that are tryptophan derivatives
A
Melatonin, Serotonin, Niacin
23
Q
Functional and structural unit of a muscle of skeletal and cardiac muscles
A
Sarcomere
Area between two Z lines
24
Q
contains myosin that act as cross-bridges of the sarcomeres; with 1 pair of heavy chains and 2 pairs of light chains
A
Myosin/Thick Filament
25
Contains actin, tropomyosin and troponin
Actin/Thin Filaments
26
**relaxing protein** that covers actin binding sites at rest
Tropomyosin
## FOOTNOTE
Has 3 subunits:
Troponin T
Troponin I
Troponin C
27
inside A band; purely myosin, no actin interspersed
H band
28
inside H band; no myosin heads
Bare zone
29
Purely actin. No myosin inteerspersed
L band
30
Protein molecule that maintains the side by side relation ship between myosin and actin filaments
binds myosin to Z lines, binds Z lines to M line
Titin
## FOOTNOTE
Determines the normal stiffness of the ventricular muscle
31
contains Ca2+ needed for muscle contraction
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
32
voltage-sensitive, activates Ryanodine Receptors
DHPR
33
protein that stores Ca2+ in the SR
Calsequestrin
34
invaginations of the sarcolemma; spreads the action potential to all parts of the muscles; contains DHPR
T-tubules
35
pumps Ca2+ from ICF to the SR
SERCA
36
stabilizes sarcolemma and prevents contraction- induced rupture
Dystropin
## FOOTNOTE
binds actin to beta-dystroglycan in the sarcolemma
37
acts as molecular rulers that sets the length of actin
Nebulin
38
Binds Z lines to the sarcolemma
Desmin
39
This interaction is what causes muscle contraction
Cross-bridging
40
This interaction is what causes muscle contraction
Cross-bridging
41
Covers the active sites on an actin filament of a relaxed
muscle
Inhibition of this complex allows contraction to take place
Troponin-Tropomyosin Complex
42
Energy source for contraction
ATP
43
Three sources of energy during muscle contraction
Phosphocreatinine Glycolysis and Oxidative Metabolism
44
Muscle s does not shorten during contraction
Isometric
45
Muscle shortens but the tension on the muscle remains constant throughout contraction
Isotonic
## FOOTNOTE
Dependent on the load against which the muscle contract and inertia of the load
46
Adding together of individual twitch contractions to increase the intensity of overall muscle contraction
Summation
47
Reaches a maximum wherein additional frequencies will have no effect in increasing the contractile force
Tetany
## FOOTNOTE
Occurs because of enough calcium ions that are maintained in the muscle sarcoplasm
48
Occurs because of enough calcium ions that are maintained in the muscle sarcoplasm
Muscle Tone
49
Caused by increasing calcium ions in the cytosol because of the release of more and more ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and failure of the sarcoplasm to recapture the ions immediately
Staircase Effect (Treppe)
50
State lead by prolonged strong contraction of a muscle
Muscle Fatigue
## FOOTNOTE
Results from the inability of the contractile and metabolic processes of the muscle fibers to continue supplying the same work output
51
Increases in totlal mass of a muscle
Hypertrophy
52
Total muscle mass decreases; degradation of contractile proteins
Atrophy
53
Regulatory protein that labels which cells will be targeted for proteasome degradation
Ubiquitin
54
Protein complexes that degrade damaged or unneeded proteins by proteolysis
Proteosomes
55
Increase in fiber number
Fiber Hyperplasia
56
Enlargement of muscle fiber
Fiber hyperplasia
57
Blocks release of Ach from pre-synaptic terminals
Botulinum Toxin
58
Inhibits Acetylcholinesterase
Neostigmine
59
Load is constant; muscles shortens
Concentric contraction
60
Load is constant; muscles lengthens
Eccentric contraction
61
Junction between each nerve ending and the muscle fiber near its midpoint
Neuromuscular junction
62
Space between the axon terminal and the fiber membrane
Synaptic cleft
63
Origin of nutrients in the ECF
Respiratory System
GI Tract
Liver and other organs performing metabolic functions
Musculoskeletal system
64
Organs involves in the removal of metablic end products
Lungs
Kidneys
GI tract
Liver
65
Systems regulating body functions
Nervous and Hormonal systems
66
Systems involved in the protection of human body
Immune and Integumentary system
67
helps maintain homeostasis by generating new beings to take the place of those that are dying.
Reproduction
68
Normal value of O2 (venous)
40 mmHg
Range: 20-40 mmHg
69
Normal value of CO2 (venous)
45 mmHg
Range: 41-50 mmHg
70
Normal value of sodium
145 mmol/L
(135-145 mmol/L
71
Normal value of K
4.2 mmol/L
(3.5-5.3 mmol/L
72
Normal value of calcium
1.2 mmol/L
(1.0 - 1.4 mmol/L)
73
Normal value of Chloride
106 mmol/L
(98 -108 mmol/L)
74
Normal value of Bicarbonate ion
24 mmol/L
(22 -29 mmol/L)
75
Normal value of Glucose
90 mg/dl
(70 - 115 mg/dl)
76
Normal body tem
98.4 (37)
77
Normal value of pH
7.4
(7.3 - 7.5)
78
Most abundant component of the cell
Water
(70% - 80%)
79
Second most abundant component of the cell
Proteins
(10 - 20%)
80
Most abundant component of the cell membrane
Proteins
81
Most abundant lipid in the cell membrane
Phospholipid
82
Helps process molecules made by the cell
Transports those molecules to their specific destinations via
interconnection of the tubules and vesicles
Endoplasmic reticulum
83
Functions for the synthesis of lipid substances and processes of the cells promoted by intrareticular enzymes
SER
84
functions to synthesize new protein molecules in the cell
RER
85
continuously pinch off the ER and fuse with the golgi apparatus
Transport / ER vesicles
86
continuously pinch off the ER and fuse with the golgi apparatus
Transport / ER vesicles
87
Provide an intracellular digestive system
Lysosome
88
Formed by self-replication or budding off the smooth ER
Peroxisomes
89
Capable of combining oxygen with hydrogen ions to form hydrogen peroxide which is used in association with catalase.
Functions to oxidize substances that might otherwise be poisonous to the cell.
Peroxidase
## FOOTNOT
Contains oxidases rather than hydrolases
90
Formed from the ER-GA system
Store substances that are to be secreted outside the cel
Secretory vesicles
91
Part of the mitochondria where oxidative enzymes are attached
Cristae
92
Filled with a matrix that contains dissolved enzymes necessary for extractive energy from nutrients
Inner membrane
93
Provide strength and support for fragile structures
Intermediate filaments
94
strong tubular structures of stiff filament composed of polymerized tubulin molecules, act as a cytoskeleton
Microtubules
95
This membrane of the nuclear envelope is continuous with the ER
Outer membrane
96
Staining structures within the nuclei
Nucleoli
97
Ingestion of minute particles that form vesicles of ECF and its constituents in cell cytoplasm
Pinocytosis
## FOOTNOTE
Requires ATP and calcium ions
98
Ingestion of large particles such as bacteria, whole cells or portions of degenerative tissue
Phagocytosis
99
Dissolves bacterial cell wall
Lysozyme
100
binds iron and other substances before promotion of bacterial growth
Lysoferrin
101
At what pH doe the activation of hydrolases and inactivation of bacterial metabolic systems occur
5.0
102
**to eat oneself** process where obsolete organelles and protein aggregates are degraded and recycled.
Autophagy
103
double-membrane structures that transfers worn-out cell organelles to lysosomes
Autophagosome
104
How many pairs of nucleotde are present in each full turn of the helix in the DNA molecule?
10
105
The transfer of cellnucleus DNA code to cytoplasm RNA code
Transcription
106
Single strand of RNA, processed in nucleus to form mRNA
Pre-mRNA
107
Directs the splicing of pre-mRNA to mRNA
Small nuclear RNA
108
Carries genetic code to the cytoplasm for controlling protein formation
mRNA
109
Transports activated amino acids to the ribosomes to be used in protein assembly
tRNA
110
Forms ribosomes, the physical and chemical structures on which protein molecules are actually
assembled
Ribosomal RNA
111
Single-stranded RNA molecules of nucleotides that can regulate gene transcription and translation
MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
112
Is where first events of mitosis takes place in the cytoplasm during the latter part of interphase
Centrioles
113
Pericentriolar material found in each pair of centriole
Centrosome
114
Complex of microtubules extending between the two new centriole pairs
Spindle
115
Region of repetitive nucleotide sequences located at each
end of the chromatid
Serve as protect caps that prevent chromosomes from deterioration during cell division
Telomere
116
Prevent formation of the mitotic spindle and prevent mitosis
Colchicine
117
Programmed cell death
Apoptosis
118
RMP of Neurons
-70 mV
119
K+ Diffusion Potential
-94 mV
120
Na+ Diffusion Potential
+61 mV
121
Protein responsible for forming new vesicles for continued function of the NMJ
Clathrin
122
RMP of Skeletal muscles
-85 to -95 mV or
-80 to -90 mV
123
RMP of smooth muscles
-50 to -60 mV
124
RMP of Cardiac muscles
-80 to -90 mV
125
Impulse conduction of skeletal muscles
3-5 mm/s
126
Impulse conduction of smooth muscles
<50 mm/s
127
Impulse conductin of Cardiac muscles
<1 m/s
128
Actin attachment: Z line found in
Skeletal and Cardiac muscles
## FOOTNOTE
For smooth muscles: dense bodies
129
Ca2+ binding proteins of skeletal and cardiac muscles
Troponin C
## FOOTNOTE
Calmodulin for smooth muscles
130
Seconds of delay in tje A-V node and bundle
0.13 sec
131
This wave is caused by spread of depolarization across the atria, which causes atrial contraction
P wave
132
These waves appear as a result of ventricular depolarization about 0.16 second after the onset of the P wave
QRS wave
## FOOTNOTE
Initiates ventricular contraction
133
This wave is caused by repolarization of the ventricle
T wave
134
Atrial pressure wave cause by atrial contraction
A wave
135
Atrial wave that occurs during ventricular contraction because of slight backflow of blood and bulging of the A-V valves toward the atria
C wave
136
Atrial wave caused by in-filling of the atria from the venous return
V wave
137
When ventricular pressure decreases below that of the atria A-V valves (open, close)
Open
138
True or False.
Period of rapid filling of the ventricles occurs during the first third of diastole, whch then provides most of the ventricular filling.
Atrial contraction occurs during the last third of diastole
True
139
At the end of diastole, the volume of each ventricle is
110 to 120 ml
## FOOTNOTE
This is called the End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)
140
The amouunt of blood ejected with each beat
Stroke volum
## FOOTNOTE
Amounting to 70 ml
141
the remaining volume in the ventricle at the end of systole and measures about 40 to 50 milliliters
End systolic volume
142
The strokee volume of the heart can be double by (increasing,decreasing) EDV and (increasing,decreasing) ESV
Increase EDV
Decrease ESV
143
a slight increase in aortic pressure occuring when the aortic valve closes at the end of ventricular ejection and a slight backflow of blood occurs, followed by a sudden cessation of flow
Incisura
144
prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during systole
A-V valve (Tricuspid and Mitral valve)
145
Prevents backflow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary artery intto the ventricle during diastole
Semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves)
146
This attaches the papillary muscles to the A-V valves
Chordae tendineae
## FOOTNOTE
The papully muscles help prevent tje valves from bulgng back too far into tthe atria
147
Phases of Cardiac Cycle: Period of filling; left ventricular volume increases
Phase I
148
Phases of cardiac cycle: Period of isovolumic contraction
the volume of the ventricle remains at the end-diastolic volume but
the intraventricular pressure increases to the level of the aortic diastolic pressure, or 80 mmHg
Phase II
149
Phases of cardiac cycle: Period of Ejection
systolic pressure increases further because of additional ventricular contraction and the ventricular volume decreases by 70 milliliters
Phase III
150
Phases of Cardiac cycle: Period of isovolumic relaxation
the ventricular volume remains at 45 milliliters but the intraventricular pressure decreases to its diastolic pressure level
Phase IV
151
Usually considered the end-diatolic pressure;
The amount of blood in the ventricles before the heart contracts.
Preload
152
The pressure in the artery exiting the ventricles;
The resistance the heart must overcome to pump blood out of the ventricles.
Afterload
153
Initiates cardiac impulse
SA node
154
conducts impulses from the sinus node to the atrioventricular (A-V) node
Internodal pathway
## FOOTNOTE
Consists of anterior, middle and posterior internodal pathway
155
Delays impulses from the atria to the ventricles
A-V node
156
Delays impulses and conducts impulses from the A-V node to the ventricles
A-V bundle
## FOOTNOTE
Prevents re-rentry of cardiac impulses
Aka Bundle of His
157
Conduct impulses to all parts of the ventricles
Right and Left bundles of Purkinje fibers
158
Membrane potential of the sinus node
-55 to -60 mV
159
Membrane potential of the ventricular muscle fiber
-85 to -90 mV
160
Delay occuring between the A-V node and A-V bundle
0.09 secs
161
Impulse total travel time to the ventricular septum
0.16 secs
162
Delayed time from the A-V bundle to the ventricular septum
0.04 secs
163
Action potentials from tthe Purkinje system travel at a velocity of
1.5 to 4.0 m/sec
164
Endocardium-epicardium transit time
0.03 seconds
165
transmission time from the initial bundle branches to this epicardial surface iis about
0.06 seconds
166
Normal value of P-Q or P-R interval
0.16 seconds
## FOOTNOTE
represents the time between the beginning of atrial contraction and the beginning of ventricular contraction
167
Q-T interval normal value
0.35 second
## FOOTNOTE
the duration of time from the beginning of the Q wave to the end of the T wave. This approximates the time of ventricular contraction
168
First area of the heart that depolarizes
ventricular septum
169
Lead I connections
(-) right arm
(+) left arm
(RALA)
## FOOTNOTE
Recorded as positive
170
Lead II connections
(-) right arm
(+) left leg
(RALL)
## FOOTNOTE
Recorded as positive
171
Lead III connections
(-) left arm
(+) left leg
(LALL)
## FOOTNOTE
Recorded as positive
172
Einthoven’s Law
Electrical potential of any limb lead equals the sum of the potentials of the other limb leads
LI + LII = LIII
173
Used to detect minor electrical abnormalities in the ventricles
Chest Leads or Precrdial leads
174
V1 and V2 leads are placed over the heart near the (base, apex)
Base
## FOOTNOTE
Reads negatively
175
V4, V5, and V6 leads are closer to the apex which usually read as
Positive
176
two of the limbs are connected through electrical resistances to the negative terminal of the electrocardiograph, and the third limb is connected to the positive termin
Augmented unipolar leads
177
When the positive terminal is on the right arm, the lead is known
avR lead
178
when the positive terminal is on the left arm, it is known
avL lead
179
when the positive terminal is on the left leg (or foot), it is known as
avF lead
180
Chest lead placed on the 4th ICS right sternal border
V1
181
Chest lead placed on the 4th ICS left sternal border
V2
182
Chest lead placed on the midway between V2 and V4
V3
183
Chest lead placed on the 5th left MCL
V4
184
Chest lead placed on the 5th ICS left anterior axillary line
V5
185
Chest lead placed on the 5th ICS left midaxillary line
V6
186
V1 and V2 location
Septal
187
V3 and V4 location
Anterior
188
V5 and V6 location
Anterolateral
189
V1 - V4 location
Anteroseptal
190
V3- V6 location
Anterloateral
191
V1-V6,I and avL location
Extensive anterior
192
I , avL location
Superoanterolateral
193
II,III, avF location
Inferior/Inferior posterior
194
Any upward or downward dfection from the isoelectric line
Wave
195
Combination of two or more waves
Complex
196
The line between 2 waves
Segment
197
A combination of wave and a segment
Interval
198
Zero reference potential for analyzing current of injury; occurs at the end of QRS complex
J point / Junction point
199
Normal ECG is composed of
1. P wave occuring at the beginning of atrial depolarization
2. QRS complex occuring at the beginning of the ventricular depolarization
3. T wave (ventricular repolarization)
200
P wave normal voltage
0.1 to 0.3 mV
201
QRS complex normal voltage
1.0 to 1.5 mV
202
T wave normal voltage
0.2 to 0.3 mV
203
Normal interval between 2 successive QRS complex (R-R interval)
0.83 secs
204
normal HR
72 bpm
205
Causes of axis deviation
Contracted diaphragm (at the ed of deep inspiration)
Person stands up
Tall lanky people (heart hangs downward)
206
Left ventricle remains polarized after the right ventricle has become totally depolarized
Left bundle branch block
207
left ventricle depolarizes far more rapidly thatn does the right ventricle
Righ bundle branch block
208
Cause of S1 sound
Closure of AV valves
209
Cause of S2 sound
Closure of semilunar valves
210
Caused by tensing of th chordae tendinae during rapid filling; heard during early diastole
S3 (ventricullar gallop)
## FOOTNOTE
Assoiated with volume overload
211
Caused by hypertrophy of ventricles/stiff ventricles; heard during late diastole
S4 (atrial gallop)
## FOOTNOTE
Associated with pressure overload
212
How much drop of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure to consider orthostatic hypotension
SBP = 20 mmHg
DBP = 10 mmHg
213
The wall of the aortic arch is innervated by the
Vagus nerve
214
Wall of each internal carotid artery si innervated by the
Hering’s nerve through the glossopharyngel nerve
215
Occurs after tissue blood supply is blocked for a short time
Reactive hyperemia/Passive hyperemia
## FOOTNOTE
When unblocked, flow of blood through the tissue increases immediately to 4-7 times normal
216
Occurs when tissue metabolic rate increases as it becomes active (e.g during exercise, hypersecretory period in the GI)
Active hyperemia
## FOOTNOTE
This metabolic control allows cells to devour tissue fluid nutrients rapidly and release large quantities of vasodilator substances = increasing local blood flow
217
branch of CN IX that carries signals from carotid sinus to NTS
Hering Nerve
218
respond increase/decrease in pressures from 50 mmHg-180 mmHg
Carotid Baroreceptors
219
respond to increase in pressure >80 mmHg
Aorrtic Baroreceptors
220
Responds to low O2, high CO2 concentration whenever
BP<80mmHg
Chemoreceptors
221
Bp increases while HR decreases. This reflex is called
Cushing Reflex
222
Stimulates JG cells to release renin
Macula Densa
223
Converts Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I
Renin
224
Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
ACE
## FOOTNOTE
Effets:
Maintains normal GFR
vasoconstriction = increases TPR
Stimulates aldosterone secretion
225
Aldosterone effects on the kidneys
Na+ reasbsorption
K+ secretion
H+ secretion
226
Air from the Nose to Terminal Bronchioles (conducting zone) that does NOT undergo gas exchange
Anatomic Dead Space
## FOOTNOTE
Nv: 150 ml
227
Air in the respiratory unit of the lung (respiratory zone) that does NOT undergo gas exchange due to V/Q mismatch
Alveolar Dead Space
## FOOTNOTE
NV: 0 mL
228
Produces mucus for lubrication in the respiratory system
Goblet cells
229
Produces protective GAGs and metabolize air-borne toxins
Clara cells
230
Alveolar macrophages
Dust cells
231
Anatomic + alveolar dead space
Physiologic Dead space
232
Air inspired over and above the tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
233
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled during the relaxed state.
Tidal volume
234
Amount of air exhaled after expiration of tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume
235
Remaining air in the lungs after maximal exhalation
Reserve volume
236
Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled or exhaled
Vital Capacity
237
Resting volume of the lung; volume in the lungs after a tidal volume is expired
Functional residual capacity
238
Total volume expired after maximal expiration
Vital capacity
