Physiology 2- heart/blood

Question 1

Hypercoagulable state refers to:

Answer 1

alterations to the constitution of blood, such as viscosity

(ie deficiency of antithrombin III, protein C or S deficiency, nephrotic syndrome, changes after severe trauma or burn, cancer)

Question 2

Formed elements in the blood include:

Answer 2

RBC, WBC, cell remnants and fragments

Question 3

What molecule converts Fibrinogen –> Fibrin?

Answer 3

Thrombin

Question 4

Name each WBC in the image

Answer 4

A) Monocyte

B) Lymphocytes

C) Eosinophil

D) Basophil

E) Neutrophil

Question 5

Von Willebrand factor function:

Answer 5

binds platelets to exposed collagen

Question 6

Platelets do 2 things:

Answer 6

Act as plugs,

send signals for vasoconstriction.

Question 7

alpha and beta globulins are synthisized in a)___

and transport b)___, ____, ____

Answer 7

a) liver
b) lipids, hormones, fat-soluble vitamins

Question 8

Virchow’s triad describes the 3 factors that:

Answer 8

contribute to thrombosis

1) hypercoabulable state
2) vascular wall injury
3) circulatory stasis

Question 9

Platelets/thrombocytes release ____ to stimulate vasoconstriction during clotting.

Answer 9

serotonin

Question 10

____ is a polysaccharide produced in basophils that inhibit the activity of thrombin in coagulation of the blood

Answer 10

Heparin

Question 11

Histamine is secreted by:

Answer 11

Basophils

Question 12

Thrombocytopenia is defined as:

Answer 12

Deficiency of platelets

Question 13

Granular leukocytes/granulocytes are part of the

a) innate or acquired immune system?

and have an effect that is

b) broad or antigen-specific?

Answer 13

a) innate
b) broad

Question 14

Normal hematocrit values:

Answer 14

female: 36-46% male: 41-53%

Question 15

Thromboxane A2 is produced by ____ that stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.

Answer 15

activated platelets

Question 16

Antigens

a) Location:
b) function:

Answer 16

a) surface of cells
b) help immune system differentiate self from foreign

Question 17

Hematopoietic growth factors:

Answer 17

1) Erythropoietin
2) colony-stimulating factors (Neulasta)
3) Interleukins
4) stem cell factor

Question 18

gamma globulins function:

Answer 18

antibodies that function in immunity, part of globulin blood fraction of plasma proteins

Question 19

List the granulocytes:

Answer 19

1) Neutrophil
2) Eosinophil
3) Basophil

Question 20

Hematocrit (Hct) is the ratio of ___ to ____

Answer 20

formed elements to total blood volume

Question 21

The majority of WBCs are:

Answer 21

neutrophils (50-70%)

Question 22

Serum has blood cells and clotting factors. T/F

Answer 22

False- lacks blood cells and clotting factors

Question 23

What is responsible for creating colloid osmotic pressure?

Answer 23

Serum Albumins

Question 24

Eosinophils protect against:

Answer 24

parasites

-involved in inflammation and allergic reactions

Question 25

in an adult, RBC are produced in which bones:

Answer 25

1) bones of the chest 2) base of the skull 3) spinal vertebrae 4) pelvis 5) ends of the long bones

Question 26

ABO blood typing Type AB: RBCs have ___ antigen, ___ antibody Type O: ___ antigen, ___ antibody

Answer 26

Type AB: both A+B antigens, no A or B antibodies Type O: neither A nor B antigen, does have anti-A and B antibodies

Question 27

T/F Lymphocytes produce antibodies.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Antibodies are secreted by ____ in response to perceived foreign cells

Answer 28

lymphocytes

Question 29

Plasma contains:

Answer 29

water, electrolytes, hormones enzymes, antibodies, other proteins, clotting factors

Question 30

Antithrombin inactivates thrombin, and also prevents the spread of a clot by inactivating factors moving _(to or from)_ the immediate site.

Answer 30

from the site- it keeps factors carried away from the immediate site

Question 31

A tissue factor pathway inhibitor inhibits the ability to generate factor ___ which limits clot formation.

Answer 31

Factor Xa

Question 32

**_Red Blood Cells_** a) shape: b) Do they have nuclei or mitochondria? c) lifespan d) how do we measure their quantity

Answer 32

a) biconcave discs b) no nuclei or mitochondria c) 120 days d) hematocrit

Question 33

Substances are exchanged continuously between _____ and plasma

Answer 33

interstitial fluid

Question 34

What percentage of blood is made of plasma?

Answer 34

55%

Question 35

Hemostasis is defined as:

Answer 35

the process which causes bleeding or hemorrhaging to **stop**

Question 36

Globulins make up what % of blood proteins?

Answer 36

38%

Question 37

Blood typing identifies specific ____ on the surface of RBCs.

Answer 37

antigens

Question 38

Clot degredation from the enzyme:

Answer 38

plasmin

Question 39

\_\_\_\_\_\_ bind and transport other proteins, hormones (lipid soluble/non-polar), free fatty acids, and are the most abundant blood proteins.

Answer 39

Serum Albumins

Question 40

List the **_agranulocytes_**:

Answer 40

1) Monocyte 2) Lymphocyte

Question 41

platelets come from large multinucleated cells called \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 41

Megakaryocytes

Question 42

Buffy coat in a hematocrit tube is comprised of

Answer 42

WBC and platelets

Question 43

**_Fibrinogen_** 1) synthesized in \_\_\_\_ 2) Fibrin action:

Answer 43

1) liver 2) binds platelets to form clots

Question 44

Lymphocytes are produced in lymphoid tissue found in \_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_

Answer 44

spleen, thymus, lymph nodes

Question 45

Monocytes are produced in a)\_\_\_\_, and their action is b)\_\_\_\_. They mature into c)\_\_\_\_ after entering body tissues

Answer 45

a) bone marrow b) phagocytic c) macrophages

Question 46

_Colloid osmotic pressure_ results in water molecules moving _(into/out of_) the circulatory system at lower pressure venous ends of capillaries

Answer 46

**into** the circulatory system

Question 47

ABO blood typing system: Type A: have ___ antigen, ___ antibody Tybe B: have ___ antigen, ___ antibody

Answer 47

type A: A antigen, anti-B antibody type B: B antigen, anti-A antibody

Question 48

What is diapedesis?

Answer 48

passage of blood cells through capillary walls -important function of neutrophils