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GI > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

This hormone is inhibited by a pH less than 1.5

A

Gastrin

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2
Q

This hormone is regulated by fatty acid and amino acid

A

CCK - contracts gallbladders, stimulates pancreas

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3
Q

Hormone that increases bicarb and allows pancreatic enzymes to function

A

secretin

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4
Q

This inhibitory hormone is released by D cells and stimulated by increased acid

A

Somatostatin

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5
Q

This hormone has separated endocrine and exocrine functions

A

GIP
exocrine - decreases gastric secretion
endocrine - increases insulin release

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6
Q

Hormone increases relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle and spinchters and dilates vessels

A

VIP

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7
Q

Hormone produces the MMC

A

Motilin

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8
Q

These hormones increase gastric acid secretion

A

histamine, Ach, gastrin

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9
Q

name the pancreatic proteases

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidases

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10
Q

what enzyme converts trypsinogen to trypsin?

A

enterokinase

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11
Q

this enzyme starts digestion by hydrolyzes alpha-1,4 to make disaccharides

A

salivary amylase

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12
Q

What does pancreatic amylase do?

A

hydrolyzes starch to oligiosaccharides and disacharides

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13
Q

what transporter takes glucose and galactose into enterocytes? fructose?
What transports all monosaccharides to the blood?

A

SGLT1
GLUT-5
GLUT-2

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14
Q

Where is iron absorbed?
Folate?
B12

A

duodenum
jejunum
terminal ileum

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15
Q

describe nerve stimulation to upper and lower esopahus

A

upper 1/3 - somatic nevers - ach –> nicotinic rec (striated muscle)
lower 2/3 - autonomic nerves - ach –> nicotinic/muscarinc rec. (smooth muscle)

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16
Q

name the phases of digestion

A

intestinal (little gastrin, chyme entering)
cephalic(response to stimulus of food)
gastric (stretch activation 50-60% of gastric acid secretion)

17
Q

what is the gastrocolic reflex

A

food in stomach induces need to defecate

18
Q

what things delay emptying of the stomach?

A

prolonged relaxation, small pyloric opening, no duodenal relaxation, segmented contraction

19
Q

what is normal BER of the stomach?

A

3 times/min

20
Q

what are some causes of gastroperisis

A

diabetic neuropathy, vagus/enteric nerves, surgery, drugs, cancer

21
Q

amino acids are transported with the help of these transporters
and peptides use these

A

Na/K atpase

Na+/H+ exchanger

22
Q

what is colipase used for?

A

it binds bile salts so lipase is not binded

23
Q

2 additional fat aiding enzymes are released from the pancreas besides lipase and coplilase, what are they?

A

cholesterol esterase and pholipase A2

24
Q

endopeptidase and carboxypeptidase are activated by theis enzyme

A

enterokinase

25
Q

what are some causes for steotorrhea?

A

blocked bile duct
ileal resection
pancreatic cancer
IDB, crohns

26
Q

what cell types are released from acinar cells of the pancreas?

A

digestive enzymes like protease, amylases, lipases, nucleases

27
Q

bicard and dilute onacreatic enzymes are released from these types of pancreatic cells

A

centroacinar and duct cells

28
Q

An increase in H+ in the dudonum causes this preogression

A

s cells release secretin, increased cAMP in duct cells and bicarb is released

29
Q

In the presence of fats and amino acids these cells release CCK

A

I cells

30
Q

parasympathetic stimulation of the pancreas is controlled via this peptide

A

moniter peptide which is digested when no more feul needs to be digested

31
Q

why does CFTR cause pancreatitis?

A

no Cl/HCO3 exchanges lowers pH and decreases enzyem function

32
Q

what are satiety signals to the brain?

A

GLP-1, CCK, insulin, Leptin

33
Q

What does ghrelin do?

A

stimulates appetite and decreases energy expenditure via NPY and Agouti related peptide

34
Q

This transporter brings in peptides and prevents some amino acid deficeiencies

A

PEPT-1

GI (17 decks)

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