Physiology

Question 1

This hormone is inhibited by a pH less than 1.5

Answer 1

Gastrin

Question 2

This hormone is regulated by fatty acid and amino acid

Answer 2

CCK - contracts gallbladders, stimulates pancreas

Question 3

Hormone that increases bicarb and allows pancreatic enzymes to function

Answer 3

secretin

Question 4

This inhibitory hormone is released by D cells and stimulated by increased acid

Answer 4

Somatostatin

Question 5

This hormone has separated endocrine and exocrine functions

Answer 5

GIP
exocrine - decreases gastric secretion
endocrine - increases insulin release

Question 6

Hormone increases relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle and spinchters and dilates vessels

Answer 6

VIP

Question 7

Hormone produces the MMC

Answer 7

Motilin

Question 8

These hormones increase gastric acid secretion

Answer 8

histamine, Ach, gastrin

Question 9

name the pancreatic proteases

Answer 9

trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidases

Question 10

what enzyme converts trypsinogen to trypsin?

Answer 10

enterokinase

Question 11

this enzyme starts digestion by hydrolyzes alpha-1,4 to make disaccharides

Answer 11

salivary amylase

Question 12

What does pancreatic amylase do?

Answer 12

hydrolyzes starch to oligiosaccharides and disacharides

Question 13

what transporter takes glucose and galactose into enterocytes? fructose?
What transports all monosaccharides to the blood?

Answer 13

SGLT1
GLUT-5
GLUT-2

Question 14

Where is iron absorbed?
Folate?
B12

Answer 14

duodenum
jejunum
terminal ileum

Question 15

describe nerve stimulation to upper and lower esopahus

Answer 15

upper 1/3 - somatic nevers - ach –> nicotinic rec (striated muscle)
lower 2/3 - autonomic nerves - ach –> nicotinic/muscarinc rec. (smooth muscle)

Question 16

name the phases of digestion

Answer 16

intestinal (little gastrin, chyme entering)
cephalic(response to stimulus of food)
gastric (stretch activation 50-60% of gastric acid secretion)

Question 17

what is the gastrocolic reflex

Answer 17

food in stomach induces need to defecate

Question 18

what things delay emptying of the stomach?

Answer 18

prolonged relaxation, small pyloric opening, no duodenal relaxation, segmented contraction

Question 19

what is normal BER of the stomach?

Answer 19

3 times/min

Question 20

what are some causes of gastroperisis

Answer 20

diabetic neuropathy, vagus/enteric nerves, surgery, drugs, cancer

Question 21

amino acids are transported with the help of these transporters
and peptides use these

Answer 21

Na/K atpase

Na+/H+ exchanger

Question 22

what is colipase used for?

Answer 22

it binds bile salts so lipase is not binded

Question 23

2 additional fat aiding enzymes are released from the pancreas besides lipase and coplilase, what are they?

Answer 23

cholesterol esterase and pholipase A2

Question 24

endopeptidase and carboxypeptidase are activated by theis enzyme

Answer 24

enterokinase

Question 25

what are some causes for steotorrhea?

Answer 25

blocked bile duct ileal resection pancreatic cancer IDB, crohns

Question 26

what cell types are released from acinar cells of the pancreas?

Answer 26

digestive enzymes like protease, amylases, lipases, nucleases

Question 27

bicard and dilute onacreatic enzymes are released from these types of pancreatic cells

Answer 27

centroacinar and duct cells

Question 28

An increase in H+ in the dudonum causes this preogression

Answer 28

s cells release secretin, increased cAMP in duct cells and bicarb is released

Question 29

In the presence of fats and amino acids these cells release CCK

Answer 29

I cells

Question 30

parasympathetic stimulation of the pancreas is controlled via this peptide

Answer 30

moniter peptide which is digested when no more feul needs to be digested

Question 31

why does CFTR cause pancreatitis?

Answer 31

no Cl/HCO3 exchanges lowers pH and decreases enzyem function

Question 32

what are satiety signals to the brain?

Answer 32

GLP-1, CCK, insulin, Leptin

Question 33

What does ghrelin do?

Answer 33

stimulates appetite and decreases energy expenditure via NPY and Agouti related peptide

Question 34

This transporter brings in peptides and prevents some amino acid deficeiencies

Answer 34

PEPT-1