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Dermatology > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

<p>What is the largest organ in the body? </p>

A

<p>The skin </p>

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2
Q

<p>How many skin diseases are there? </p>

A

<p>>2000</p>

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3
Q

<p>What are the layers of the skin from top to bottom? </p>

A

<p>Epidermis
Dermo-epidermal junction
Dermis
Subcutaneous </p>

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4
Q

<p>What is the subcutaneous composed of? </p>

A

<p>Predominantly fat</p>

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5
Q

<p>What is the epidermis mainly composed of? </p>

A

<p>Keratinocytes</p>

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6
Q

<p>What are the different layers of the epidermis from top to bottom? </p>

A

<p>Keratin layer
Granular layer
Prickle cell layer
Basal layer</p>

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7
Q

<p>Does the epidermis contain melanocytes? </p>

A

<p>Yes </p>

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8
Q

<p>Does the epidermis contain Langerhans cells? </p>

A

<p>Yes </p>

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9
Q

<p>Does the epidermis contain merkel cells? </p>

A

<p>Yes</p>

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10
Q

<p>Which parts of the body have very thick layers of keratin? </p>

A

<p>Soles of feet

| Palms of hands </p>

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11
Q

<p>Why is it beneficial to have thick keratin layer of hands and feet? </p>

A

<p>Protection

| Increases sensitivity </p>

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12
Q

<p>What controls the epidermal turnover? </p>

A

<p>Growth factors
Cell death
Hormones</p>

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13
Q

<p>What control is lost in diseases such as psoriasis? </p>

A

<p>Shedding of skin i.e. epidermal turnover, skin no longer releases keratin </p>

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14
Q

<p>How long does it take a keratinocyte to move from the basement membrane to the epidermis? </p>

A

<p>28 days </p>

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15
Q

<p>What is the basal layer of the epidermis composed of ? </p>

A

<p>Cuboidal cells

| Intermediate filaments</p>

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16
Q

<p>What cells make up the prickle layer of the epidermis? </p>

A

<p>Large polyhedral cells with many desmosomes </p>

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17
Q

<p>What causes a blister? (think of the wetness produced) </p>

A

<p>Fluid gets into the prickle cell layer of the epidermis, increasing the pressure. This causes the cells to lyses and the surface of the skin to split</p>

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18
Q

<p>What layer of the epidermis is missing in eczema? </p>

A

<p>Granular layer </p>

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19
Q

<p>What cells make up the granular layer of the epidermis and what is their main purpose? </p>

A

<p>2-3 layers of flatter cells

| Prevents water loss </p>

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20
Q

<p>What is the kertain layer of the epidermis composed of ? </p>

A

<p>Corneocytes (terminally differentiates keratinocytes) </p>

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21
Q

<p>What is the most important purpose of the keratin layer? </p>

A

<p>tight waterproof barrier, which is essential for survival </p>

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22
Q

<p>What 2 components mainly make up the keratin layer of the epidermis? </p>

A

<p>Keratin

| Filaggrin </p>

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23
Q

<p>What is the dermis composed of? </p>

A

<p>Connective tissue </p>

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24
Q

<p>Epidemiologically, what is the dermis composed of? </p>

A

<p>Mesoderm</p>

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25

What are melanocytes?

Pigment producing cells from the neural crest

26

What are Blaschko's lines?

Developmental growth patterns of the skin

27

Name the labelled structures 

28
Matsticatory mucosa in the mouth is kertatinised - why?
To protect from friction and pressure
29
Is the lining mucosa of the oral cavity keratinised?
No
30
What are langerhans cells and where are they found?
Langerhans cells are dendritic cells (antigen-presenting immune cells) of the skin and mucosa, and contain large organelles called Birbeck granules. They are present in all layers of the epidermis
31
What organelle within melanocytes actually produces melanin?
Melanosomes
32
What is brown or black pigment called?
Eumelanin
33
What is red or yellow pigment called?
Phaeomelanin
34
What cell transfers melanosomes from melanocytes to keratinocytes?
Dendritic cells
35
What it Vitiligo?
Auto-immune disease with loss of melanocytes
36
What is Albinism?
Lack of production of melanin
37
What is Nelson's Syndrome?
Nelson's syndrome is a rare disorder and occurs in patients who have had both adrenal glands removed due to Cushing's disease. During the disorder the patient develops macroadenomas that secrete adrenocoritropin (ACTH)
38
What is malignant melanoma a cancer of?
Melanocytes
39
What layer in the epidermis are langerhans cells situated?
Prickle cell layer
40
Where do langerhans cells originate from?
Bone marrow
41
Where else, apart from the epidermis, are langerhans cells found?
Dermis | Lymph nodes
42
Where are Merkel cells found?
Between keratinocytes and nerve fibres
43
What gives hair its colour?
Melanocytes
44
What is the muscle called that controls the hair follicle?
Arrector pili muscle
45
What gland surrounds the hair follicle?
Sebaceous gland
46
What are the 3 phases of hair growth?
Anagen Catagen Telogen
47
What is the Anagen phase?
Growing (to go up) takes 3-7 years. 90% of hairs, Hair goes deep into the epidermis
48
What is the Catagen phase?
Involuting (to go down) takes 3-4 weeks. 10% hairs
49
What is red or yellow pigment called?
Phaeomelanin
50
What cell transfers melanosomes from melanocytes to keratinocytes?
Dendritic cells
51
What it Vitiligo?
Auto-immune disease with loss of melanocytes
52
What is Albinism?
Lack of production of melanin
53
What is Nelson's Syndrome?
Nelson's syndrome is a rare disorder and occurs in patients who have had both adrenal glands removed due to Cushing's disease. During the disorder the patient develops macroadenomas that secrete adrenocoritropin (ACTH)
54
What is malignant melanoma a cancer of?
Melanocytes
55
What layer in the epidermis are langerhans cells situated?
Prickle cell layer
56
Where do langerhans cells originate from?
Bone marrow
57
Where else, apart from the epidermis, are langerhans cells found?
Dermis | Lymph nodes
58
Where are Merkel cells found?
Between keratinocytes and nerve fibres
59
What gives hair its colour?
Melanocytes
60
What is the muscle called that controls the hair follicle?
Arrector pili muscle
61
What gland surrounds the hair follicle?
Sebaceous gland
62
What are the 3 phases of hair growth?
Anagen Catagen Telogen
63
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64
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65
What is Telogen phase?
Resting, shedding phase each day 50-100
66
What is the most common pattern of male pattern hair loss?
Hamilton Pattern
67
What is Virilization?
A condition in which a female develops male sex characteristics. Can be due to tumour producing hormones causing facial hair etc
68
What is Alopecia areata?
Autoimmune hair loss, can be triggered by stress
69
If a nail looks crumbly, what could be wrong with it?
Fungal infection | Repeated trauma
70
What is the little half moon structure at the bottom of your nails called?
Lenula
71
What are the 6 main functions of the skin?
``` Barrier Metabolism and Detoxification Thermoregulation Immune defense Communication Sensory functions ```
72
What is steroid-sulphatase deficiency x-linked ichthyosis?
Cholesterol is not being properly turned into the components needed to make the kertain layer, causing dry, fish scale like skin. Is a biochemical defect and can be caused by drug side effects
73
What is the cause of Neurofibromatosis?
Over growth of nerve endings
74
Where does Vitamin D come from?
Precursor compounds UV light Food e.g. oily fish and butter as it is an oil soluble vitamin
75
Where are apocrine glands founds?
Axillary Genital area Perineum
76
What is the dermo-epidermal junction?
the interface between the epidermis and the dermis
77
When do apocrine glands activate?
Puberty
78
Epidermolysis bullosa (simples and dystrophic), what part of the skin does this affect?
Dermo-epidermal junction
79
What causes mitten deformity in new borns?
Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica
80
What disease causes massive blisters that can be easily burst? Also, what part of the skin has the abnormality causing this?
Bullous Pemphigoid | Dermo-epidermal junction
81
What kind of disease is Bullous Pemphigoid?
Auto-immune
82
What is the most common form of physical uticaria?
Dermographism
83
Why does the skin have a greater blood supply than is metabolically required?
Thermoregulation
84
Why is the dermis in loops?
To increase surface area
85
What is a port whine stain? (capillary or cavernous haemangioma)
local over growth of blood vessels
86
What disease is port whine stains associated with?
Epilepsy
87
What do Pacinan nerve receptors detect?
Pressure
88
What do Meissners nerve receptors detect?
Vibration
89
What is the cause of Neurofibromatosis?
Over growth of nerve endings
90
Where are eccrine glands found most abundantly?
Hands, feet, axillary
91
Where are apocrine glands founds?
Axillary and groin
92
What glands get clogged and cause acne in teenagers?
Sebaceous glands
93
When do apocrine glands activate?
Puberty
94
``` There are 3 main glands in the skin. Sebaceous Aporcine Eccrine (sweat) Which 2 of these glands are associated with the hair follicle? ```
Sebaceous Aporcine Part of pilosebaceous unit
95
What does the sebaceous gland produce?
Sebum
96
What are the 2 main function of the sebaceous glands?
Control moisture loss | Protection from bacterial and fungal infections
97
What are the 3 causes of acne?
Sebum Blocked ducts Bacterial activity
98
What gland is androgen dependant?
Apocrine
99
What is the nerve supply for eccrine glands?
Sympatheric cholingeric nerve supply
100
What are the 2 main function of eccrine glands?
Cooling by evaporation | Moisten palms/soles for grip aid
101
What is the main difference between ecrrine glands and apocrine glands?
Eccrine glands deposit their excretions straight onto the skin, apocrine glands do not

Dermatology (10 decks)

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