Physiology

Question 1

Insulin and C-peptide are elevated in…. and ….

Answer 1

Insulinoma. Sulfonylurea use

Question 2

Unlike…, ….. Does not cross placenta

Answer 2

Glucose, insulin

Question 3

Brain utilizes….. for metabolism normally and …. during starvation

Answer 3

Glucose. Ketone bodies

Question 4

RBCs always utilize glucose because they lack mitochondria for….

Answer 4

Aerobic metabolism

Question 5

Insulin independent glucose transporters

Answer 5

GLUT-1: RBCs, brain, cornea
GLUT-2 (bidirectional): B islet cells, liver, kidney, small intestine
GLUT-3: brain
GLUT-5 ( fructose): spermatocytes, GI tract

Question 6

BRICK L (insulin independent glucose uptake):

Answer 6

Brain, RBCs, Intestine, Cornea, Kidney, Liver

Question 7

Insulin dependent glucose transporters

Answer 7

GLUT 4: adipose tissue, striated muscle (exercise can also increase GLUT-4 expression)

Question 8

GH and B2 agonists cause …. of insulin

Answer 8

Elevation

Question 9

Glucagon is inhibited by

Answer 9

Insulin, hyperglycemia and somatostatin

Question 10

Dopamine antagonists (eg :antipsychotics) can cause galactorrhea due to …

Answer 10

Hyperprolactinemia

Question 11

Analog of GHRH ( eg: tesamorelin) used to treat ….

Answer 11

HIV - associated lipodystrophy

Question 12

Analog of somatostatin used to treat …

Answer 12

Acromegaly

Question 13

Dopamine agonists (eg: bromocriptine) inhibit prolactin secretion and can be used in tratment of …

Answer 13

Prolactinoma

Question 14

DopMin antagonists and … stimulate prolactin secretion

Answer 14

Estrogens (OCPs, pregnancy)

Question 15

GnRH is regulated by

Answer 15

Prolactin

Question 16

Tonic GnRH suppresses ….

Answer 16

HPA axis

Question 17

Amenorrhea, osteoporosis, hypogonadism and galactorrhea are signs of

Answer 17

Pituitary prolactinoma

Question 18

Excess secretion of GH may cause acromegaly (adults) or …

Answer 18

Gigantism (children)

Question 19

Ghrelin stimulates hunger and … release.

Answer 19

GH

Question 20

Ghrelin is elevated in sleep loss and …

Answer 20

Prader Willi syndrome

Question 21

Satiety hormone:

Answer 21

Leptin

Question 22

….. decreases leptin production

Answer 22

Sleep deprivation

Question 23

…. increases desire for high fat foods

Answer 23

Endocannabinoids

Question 24

Desmopressin acetate ( ADH analog) is a treatment for …

Answer 24

Central Diabetes Insipidus

Question 25

Cortisol is BBIG:

Answer 25

``` maintains Blood pressure decreases Bone formation Anti-inflammatory/ Immunosupressive increasesInsulin resistance increases Gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis ```

Question 26

... induces prolonged secretion of cortisol

Answer 26

Chronic stress

Question 27

An excess of cortisol decreases the secretion of...

Answer 27

CRH, ACTH, cortisol

Question 28

Common causes of decrease of Mg 2+

Answer 28

Diarrhea, aminoglycosides, diuretics, alcohol abuse

Question 29

.... increases resorption of calcium and phosphate

Answer 29

PTH

Question 30

.... increases production of M-CSF and RANK-L in osteoblasts, stimulating osteoclasts

Answer 30

PTH

Question 31

PTH increases serum ..., decresases serum ...., increases urine....

Answer 31

Calcium Phosphate Phosphate

Question 32

Decrease free serum ... Incrases PTH secretion | Decrease free serum ... Decreases PTH secretion

Answer 32

Calcium | Magnesium

Question 33

Vitamin D deficiency causes ... in kids and ... in adults

Answer 33

Rickets | Osteomalacia

Question 34

24, 25-(OH)2 vitamin D is an ... form of vitamin D

Answer 34

Inactive

Question 35

1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D feedback ... its own production

Answer 35

Inhibits

Question 36

1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D increases absorption of both ...

Answer 36

Calcium and phosphate

Question 37

Calcitonin tones down ... levels

Answer 37

Calcium

Question 38

Calcitonin is produced by ... cells of thyroid and has opposites actions of ....

Answer 38

Parafollicular | PTH

Question 39

Increases serum ... causes calcitonin secretion

Answer 39

Calcium

Question 40

Adrenal hormones and vitamin D (VET CAP) have ... receptor

Answer 40

Cytosolic

Question 41

T3 functions : 4 Bs

Answer 41

Brain maturation Bone growth Beta-adrenergic effects BMR increase

Question 42

``` Decrease TBG ( thyroxine-binding globulin ) in ... Increase TBG in ... or .... ```

Answer 42

Hepatic failure | Pregnancy or OCP use