Physiology

Question 1

The only inhibitory nuclei in the thalamus and its function

Answer 1

Reticular nuclei

Modulates the information between thalamus and cortex

Question 2

If lesion in inferior temporal lobe what will be affected?

Answer 2

Can’t associate visual input no shape production just angles

Question 3

What forms the brainwaves?

Answer 3

Graded post synaptic potentials

Question 4

Difference between soma and dendritic electric activity ?

Answer 4

Soma has both action and graded potential
Duration larger than 10

Dendritic
Graded post synapse
Duration variable

Question 5

How to measure deeper cortical circuits?

Answer 5

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Question 6

How does long range electrical activity happen and what is its function?

Answer 6

Electric field detection by binding of charges polyamines to potassium channels

Function synchronisation of activity

Question 7

All about delta waves

Answer 7

Highest amplitude lowest frequency
Normal on sleep adults and awake infants
If high in awake adults=brain damage

Question 8

Theta

Answer 8

4-7 Hz
Normal in children or sleepy drowsy adults
High in awake adults = emotional stress or brain disorder

Question 9

Intensity of brain waves depends on?

Answer 9

Numbers of synchronised neurons

Question 10

Eyes open brain waves has more but less?

Answer 10

More activity but less synchronicity

Question 11

What happens in Non R.E.M. Stage 1 N1?

Answer 11

Transition from wakefulness to sleep

From in synchronised gamma and beta to theta and alpha

Question 12

What happens in N2 stage?

Answer 12

Real sleep (theta waves)
Sleep memory consolidation
And information processing

Question 13

What happens in N3

Answer 13

Deep sleep
Theta waves
Sleep disorder manifestation bed wetting sleep waking

Question 14

If wave frequencies> 8Hz in awake adults it’s ?

Answer 14

NORMAL!!

Question 15

If wave frequency less than 7 Hz in awake adults it’s ?

Answer 15

ABNORMAL!!

Question 16

Abnormal EEG is an abnormal (3 things)

Answer 16

Location
Frequency
Amplitude

Question 17

Why EEG records EPSP?

Answer 17

They can summate and they last long enough

Question 18

EEG mainly records which neuron ?

Answer 18

Pyramidal cells!

Question 19

Awake adult brain waves characterized by?

Answer 19

Low amplitude high frequency

Question 20

What discharge is important to diagnose epilepsy?

Answer 20

Interictal discharge paroxysmal depolarisation shift

Question 21

Two types of interictal recordings?

Answer 21

Sharp wave 70-200 milliseconds

Spike 30-70

Question 22

How to differentiate between epileptic recording and sharp wave in a healthy individual?

Answer 22

Epileptic
Lower limb below baseline
Interrupts background
Slow wave after wards

Question 23

Can sharpness of a peak differentiate between epileptic and healthy wave

Answer 23

No there is no difference!

Question 24

Sustained depolarisation is characteristic of phase?

Answer 24

Tonic phase

Question 25

From a sensory memory to a short term memory we need?

Answer 25

Attention!

Question 26

From a short term memory to a working memory we need?

Answer 26

Repetition!

Question 27

From a working memory (less than 1 minute) to a long term memory we need?

Answer 27

Consolidation and encoding

Question 28

3 steps for long term memory ?

Answer 28

Encoding Storage Retrieval

Question 29

Explicit memory is the function of which lobe?

Answer 29

Medial temporal lobe

Question 30

Procedural implicit memory of the function of?

Answer 30

Cerebellum and basal ganglia

Question 31

Explicit memory is the function of?

Answer 31

Hippocampus!

Question 32

Short term memory brain regions involve?

Answer 32

Prefrontal cortex and sensory association areas

Question 33

Which receptor exhibit Mg block and which proliferate in case of LTP?

Answer 33

Nmda Mg block | And ampa is increasing in number

Question 34

What happens to the amount of presynaptic neurotransmitters in LTP!

Answer 34

Presynaptic neurotransmitters released increases

Question 35

Synaptic plasticity is evident because we see?

Answer 35

Structural changes!

Question 36

If you resected medial temporal lobe= hippocampus you won't be able to form?

Answer 36

New long term memories!

Question 37

Hippocampus consolidate memory by which processes?

Answer 37

Tri synaptic processe

Question 38

Effect on metabolism case of Alzheimer's?

Answer 38

Decreased glucose metabolism

Question 39

Biochemical plaques are Alzheimer's?

Answer 39

Plaques by A beta amyloid from insoluble aggregates of beta sheet

Question 40

Amyloid plaque characteristic is ?

Answer 40

Having aluminium

Question 41

Amyloid cascade hypothesis?

Answer 41

App per cursor protein is a transmembrane It's proteolysis give rise to Abeta 42 and Abeta neurotoxic Depositions of a beta fragments cause increase ca = excess phosphoraltion of tau protein =tangles

Question 42

Familial AD associated with mutations in?

Answer 42

APP and protease

Question 43

Normal App fragments help in?

Answer 43

Regulation of synapse activity and formation of dendritis

Question 44

Which secretase is normal and which pathological= gives A beta 42 ?

Answer 44

Alpha = normal | Beta and gamma release A beta 42

Question 45

Which cell clear A beta plaques?

Answer 45

Microglia

Question 46

What peptide enhances fact that A beta 42 readily forms radicals?

Answer 46

Methionine residue

Question 47

What forms lipid radical and what are their effects?

Answer 47

Hydrophobic radicals dissolve in membrane then lipid radicals react to modify Lipids and proteins = change properties = open ion channels more ca more tau phosphoraltion

Question 48

Central receptors for temperature located in which hypothalamus?

Answer 48

Anterior

Question 49

Anterior hypothalamus stimulated cause?

Answer 49

Heat loss by Vasodilation And suppressing shivering

Question 50

If anterior hypothalamus is lesioned?

Answer 50

Chronic hyperthermia

Question 51

Posterior hypothalamus mediates | And if lesioned?

Answer 51

Stimulates shivering and constriction of blood vessels And increase TrH to increase BMR Lesion causes hypothermia

Question 52

Aggression and rage is seen in stimulating which hypothalamus?

Answer 52

Lateral | Opposition is ventromedial which is satiety and tranquility