Physiology

Question 1

What is Classical conditioning?

Answer 1

Learning in which a natural response is elicited by a condition, or learned, stimulus that preveiously was presented in conjuction w/ an uncond stim

Question 2

What is an example of Classical conditioning?

Answer 2

Pavlov’s classical experiments w/ dogs→ ringing the bell provoked salivation

Question 3

What is Operant conditioning?

Answer 3

Learning in which a particular action is elicited b/c it produces a reward

Question 4

What is postive reinforcement?

Answer 4

Desired reward produces action

(mouse presses buttong to get food)

Question 5

What is Negative reinforcement?

Answer 5

Target behavior (response) is followed by removal of aversive stimulus

(mouse presses button to turn of continuous loud noise

Question 6

What is Punishment?

Answer 6

Repeated application of aversive stim extinguishes unwanted behavior

Question 7

What is Extinction?

Answer 7

Discontinuation of reinforcement (+ or -) eventually eliminates behavior

Question 8

What is Transference?

Answer 8

Pt projects feelings about formative or other important persons into physician

(psychiastrist is seen as parent)

Question 9

What is Countertransference?

Answer 9

Doctor pojects feeling about formative or other important persons onto pt

Question 10

What are Ego defenses?

Answer 10

Unconscious mental processes used to resolve conflict & prevent undesirable feelings

Question 11

What are immature defenses?

Answer 11

• Acting out
• Dissociation
• Denial
• Displacement
• Fixation
• Identification
• Isolation (of affect)
• Projection
• Rationalization
• Reaction Formation
• Regression
• Repression
• Splitting

Question 12

What is Acting out?

Answer 12

Unacceptable feelings & thoughts are expressed through actions

Question 13

What is an example of acting out?

Answer 13

Tantrums

Question 14

What is Dissociation?

Answer 14

Temporary, drastic change in personality, memory, consciousness or motor behavior to avoid emotional stress

Question 15

What is an example of Dissociation?

Answer 15

Extreme forms can result in dissociative indentity disorder (multiple personality disorder)

Question 16

What is Denial?

Answer 16

Avoidance of awareness of some painful reality

Question 17

What is an example of Denial?

Answer 17

A common reaction in newly dx AIDS & cancer pts

Question 18

What is Displacement?

Answer 18

Process whereby avoided ideas & feelings are transferred to some neutral person or object

Question 19

What is an example of Displacement?

Answer 19

Mother yells at child b/c her husband yelled at her

Question 20

What is Fixation?

Answer 20

Parially remaining at a more childish levle of development

Question 21

What is an example of Fixation?

Answer 21

Men fixating on sports games

Question 22

What is Identification?

Answer 22

Modeling behavior after another person who is more powerful (though not necessarily admired)

Question 23

What is an example of Identification?

Answer 23

Abused child indentifies himself/herself w/ an abuser

Question 24

What is Isolation (of affect)?

Answer 24

Separation of feelings from ideas & events

Question 25

What is an example of Isolation (of affect)?

Answer 25

Describing murder in graphic detail w/ no emotional response

Question 26

What is projection?

Answer 26

An unacceptable internal impulse is attributed to an external source

Question 27

What is an example of projection?

Answer 27

A man who wants another woman thinks his wife is cheating on him

Question 28

What is Rationalization?

Answer 28

Proclaiming logical reasons for actions actually performed for other reasons, usually to avoid self-blame

Question 29

What is an example of Rationalization?

Answer 29

After getting fired, claiming that the job was not important anyway

Question 30

What is a Rection formation?

Answer 30

Process whereby a warded-off idea or feeling is replaced by an (unconsciously derived) emphasis on its opposite

Question 31

What is an example of Reaction formation?

Answer 31

A pt w/ libidinous thoughs enters a monastery

Question 32

What is Regression?

Answer 32

Turning back the maturational clock & going back to earlier modes of dealing w/ the world

Question 33

What is an example of Regression?

Answer 33

Seen in children under stress such as illness, punishment, or birth of a new sibling

Question 34

What is Repression?

Answer 34

Involuntary withholding of an idea or feeling from conscious awareness

Question 35

What is an example of regression?

Answer 35

Not remembering a conflictual or traumatic experience; pressing bad throughts into the unconscious

Question 36

What is Splitting?

Answer 36

Belief taht people are either all good or all bad at diff times d/t intolerance of ambiguity

Question 37

What is Splitting seen in?

Answer 37

Borderline personality disorder

Question 38

What is an example of Splitting?

Answer 38

A pt says that all the nurses are cold & insensitive but that the doctors are warm & friendly

Question 39

What are the Mature defenses?

Answer 39

* Altruism * Humor * Sublimination * Suppression

Question 40

What is Altruism?

Answer 40

Guilty feelings alleviated by unsolicited generosity toward others

Question 41

What is an example of Altruism?

Answer 41

Mafia boss makes a large donation to charity

Question 42

What is Humor?

Answer 42

Appreciating the amusing nature of an anxiety-provoking or adverse situation

Question 43

What is an example of Humor?

Answer 43

Nervous medical student jokes about the boards

Question 44

What is Sublimation?

Answer 44

Voluntary withholding of an idea or feeling from conscious awareness

Question 45

What is an example of Sublimation?

Answer 45

Chossing not to think about the USMLE until the week of the exam