Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

My1 Resp > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

(87 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is internal respiration

A

intracellular mechanisms where O2 is consumed and CO2 is produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is external respiration

A

sequence of events that lead to the exchange of CO2 and O2 between external environment and cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 4 steps of external respiration

A

ventilation
gas exchange (alevoli and blood)
Gas transport
gas exchange (at tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what 4 systems are involved in respiration

A

resp, cardio, haemotology, nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define ventilation

A

The mechanical process by which air is moved between the atmosphere and the alveolar air sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is boyle’s law

A

at constant temp, pressure exerted by gas varies inversely with volume of gas. As the volume the gas is contained in increases, the pressure decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what forces hold the lung and thoracic walls in close opposition

A

intrapleural fluid cohesiveness and negative intrapleural pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe intrapleural fluid cohesiveness

A

water molecules in intrapleural fluid are attracted to each other and resist being pulled apart, sticking membrane together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe negative intrapleural pressure

A

intrapleural pressure is less than lungs which creates a transmural pressure gradient, allowing them to expand outwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

in order for air to move into the lungs, what must the intra-alveolar pressure be and why

A

lower than atmospheric, follows pressure gradient from high –> low (boyles law)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

directly before inspiration, what is the intra-alveolar pressure

A

= to atmospheric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

is inspiration active or passive

A

active, depends on muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does contraction of the diaphragm do

A

increases thoracic volume vertically (decreases pressure in lungs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does contraction of external intercostal muscle do

A

lifts ribs and moves back sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

is expiration active or passive

A

passive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what happens when lungs recoil to normal size

A

increases the pressure in the lungs (air leaves as pressure less in atmosphere)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why do lungs recoil in expiration

A

alveolar surface tension and elastic connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is alveolar surface tension

A

attraction between water molecules with air in-between

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does alveolar surface provide

A

strength and prevention of collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are alveoli with smaller radii more likely to do

A

collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what do type II alveoli secrete and why

A

surfactant (lipids and proteins), to lower surface tension and prevent collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is alveolar interdependence

A

surrounding alveoli recoil to pull it open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a pneumothorax

A

air in pleural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what do pneumothorax result in and why

A

collapsed lung as abolishes pressure gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is respiratory distress syndrome of newborns
lungs can't synthesis surfactant
26
what are the major muscles of inspiration
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
27
what are the accessory muscles of inspiration
sternocleidomastoid, scalenus, pectoral
28
what are the active muscles of expiration
abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles
29
what is the tidal volume (TV)
volume of air entering/ leaving the lungs in a single breath
30
what is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
extra volume that can be inspired beyond TV
31
what is the inspiratory capacity (IC)
maximum volume of air that can be inspired TV + IRV
32
what is the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
extra volume that can be expired after tidal volume
33
what is the residual volume (RV)
the volume left in lungs after maximal expiration (can't be measured with spirometry)
34
what is the functional residual capacity (FRC)
volume of air in lungs after normal expiration (RV + ERV)
35
what is the vital capacity (VC)
maximum volume of air that can be expired after maximum inspiration (IRV + TV + ERV)
36
what is the total lung capacity (TLC)
RV + VC
37
what is the forced vital capacity (FVC)
maximum volume that can be forcibly expired following maximum inspiration
38
what is the forced expiratory volume in a second (FEV1)
forced expired volume in 1 second of FVC
39
what is the normal FEV1/FVC ratio
70%
40
in an obstructive lung disease (eg asthma) what would the FEV1, FVC and FEV1/ FVC show
FVC = normal/ low FEV1 = low FEV1/ FVC = low
41
in a restrictive lung disease what would the FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC show
FVC low FEV1 low FEV1/FVC normal
42
in a combination of restrictive and obstructive what would FEV1 etc show
errything low
43
what is the biggest factor in airway resistance
radius
44
what does parasympathetic stimulation have on the lungs
bronchocontriction
45
what does sympathetic stimulation have on the lungs
bronchodilation
46
what is the dynamic airway compression
as we expire, the rising intrapleural pressure squeezes the alveoli and forces the air out of them (like toothpaste)
47
what can peak flow be used to diagnose
obstructive lung disease eg asthma and COPD
48
what is pulmonary compliance
how easy/ difficult it is to stretch the lungs
49
what does decreased compliance mean and what can cause it
more effort to inflate, restrictive pattern (pulmonary fibrosis, oedema, collapse, pneumonia)
50
what does increased compliance mean and what can cause it
elastic recoil is lost, lungs stay inflated (hyperinflated) and it is harder to breath out. obstructive pattern (COPD)
51
how is working of breathing increases
increased resistance, decreased compliance, decreased recoil and need for ventilation
52
what is pulmonary ventilation
volume of air breathed in and out per minute (resp rate x TV)
53
what is dead space, what affect does it have on alveolar ventilation
volume of air that is inspired but not exchanged, decreases it
54
what is alveolar dead space
ventilated alveoli with inadequate blood perfusion
55
what is the physiological dead space
anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space
56
how can pulmonary ventilation be increased
increasing depth and resp rate
57
where is the most blood flow in the lungs
bottom
58
what effect does accumulation of CO2 due to increased perfusion have on the airflow and resistance
increases perfusion and airflow, decreases resistance
59
what effect does increased O2 due to increased ventilation
vasodilation
60
what are the 4 factors affecting gas exchange
partial pressure gradient of O2 and CO2. Diffusion coefficient for O2 and CO2. surface area of alveolar membrane. Thickness of alveolar membrane
61
what is the partial pressure of a gas
the pressure a gas exerts in a mixture of gases
62
which has a larger partial pressure
oxygen
63
what is the diffusion coefficient of a gas
solubility of a gas across membranes
64
how much greater is the diffusion coefficient of CO2 than O2
20 (20x more soluble)
65
what is ficks law of diffusion
amount of gas that moves across a tissue is proportional to the area and thickness of tissue
66
what is henry's law
amount of gas dissolved in a volume of liquid is proportional to the partial pressure
67
if the partial pressure increased, what would happen to the concentration of a gas
increase
68
what are the 2 ways O2 is transported in the blood and which is more prominent
dissolving (1.5%) and haemoglobin (98.5%)
69
how may heam groups does HB have, how much O2 binds to each
4, 1 O2 molecule
70
what increases % saturation of HB
partial pressure of O2
71
what is the O2 content of arterial blood determined by
HB concentration and saturation
72
what can impair O2 delivery
resp diseases, anaemia and heart failure
73
what happens to the pressure as blood moves from pulmonary capillaries to systemic capillaries
decreases
74
what happens to HB's affinity for O2 when 1 molecule binds
increases affinity, cooperativity effect
75
what is the Bohr effect
shift to the right in O2 curve, more O2 released at lower partial pressure of O2 (tissues)
76
what factors influence the bohr effect
increases pressure of CO2, increased acidity and increased temp
77
how does foetal Hb differ from adult Hb
has 2 alpha and 2 gamma subunits, increasing it's affinity for O2 and can transfer even at low oxygen pressure
78
where is myoglobin mainly found
skeletal and cardiac muscle
79
why is myoglobin needed
releases O2 at very low Po2, short term storage for O2 in anaerobic conditions
80
what is the ratio of O2 to myoglobin
1:1
81
what does myoglobin indicate
muscle damage
82
how is CO2 carried
10% solution, 60% bicarbonate, 30% carbamino compounds
83
where does the formation of bicarbonate (HCO3) happen and what catalyses it
red blood cells, carbonic anhydrase
84
how do carbamino compounds form
amino group + CO2 in blood proteins
85
where does CO2 bind to in heamoglobin and what does this form
globin, carbamino-haemoglobin
86
what is the haldane effect
removing O2 from Hb increases it;s ability to pick up CO2 and CO2 generated H+
87
what 2 effects work together to facilate O2 release and Co2 pickup
Bohr and haldane

My1 Resp (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions