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physiology & anatomy Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

main anatomical features of airways

A

mucosa
basement membrane
smooth muscle matrix extending to alveolar entrances
fibrocartilaginous or fibroelastic-supporting connective tissue

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2
Q

main anatomical features of lung

A

cartilaginous bronchi
membranous bronchi
gas-exchanging bronchi - resp bronchioles and alveolar ducts

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3
Q

classes of airways

upper and lower

A

upper airways :
nose , nasal cavity
pharynx

lower airways :
larynx
trachea
bronchial tree
lungs
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4
Q

two types of alveolar cells and functions

A

pneumocytes
type 1 : makes up majority of alveoli , gas exchange occurs - air passes through into capillaries

type 2 : secretes pulmonary surfactant
important in preventing collapse of lungs

macrophages - dust cells, clean up alveoli of lungs

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5
Q

functions of resp system

A 
inhalation and exhalation of gases 
gas exchange - move fresh air into body while removing waste gases 
protect
acid-base balance 
olfactory
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6
Q

pulmonary v systemic circulation

A

pulmonary : between heart and lungs
- RV - pulm arteries - lungs - pulm veins - LA
systemic : between heart and body
- LV - aorta - body - IVC/SVC - RA

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7
Q

points of gas exchange between resp and cardio systems

A

walls of alveoli share membrane with capillaries - allows oxygen and CO2 to diffuse/move freely
O2 molecules attach to RBCs, which travel to heart

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8
Q

why, and how, does resistance to air flow vary across resp tree?

A

as radius increases, resistance to airflow decreases during inspiratory phase
conversely
in expiration, intrathoracic pressure increases due to lower volume of thoracic cavity -> leads to narrowing of small airways, so resistance is higher

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9
Q

define ventilation

A

refers to flow of air in and out of alveoli

higher at base

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10
Q

define perfusion

A

refers to flow of blood into alveolar capillaries

increases due to gravity, higher at apex

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11
Q

ventilation rate

A

refers to volume of gas inhaled and exhaled from lungs in given time period, usually 1 min

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12
Q

calculating ventilation rate

A

tidal volume x resp rate

avg man = 6L/min

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13
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a single breath

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14
Q

V/Q ratio =

A

ventilation/perfusion ratio

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15
Q

V/Q ratio

A

varies depending on part of lung - higher at apex, decreased toward base

ventilation exceeds perfusion towards apex, perfusion exceeds ventilation towards base

1 for maximally efficient pulm function
avg = 0.8

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16
Q

PA

A

alveolar pressure

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17
Q

Pa

A

pulmonary artery pressure

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18
Q

Pv

A

pulmonary vein pressure

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19
Q

pleural cavity

A

fluid filled space surrounding lungs
bounded by a double layered serous membrane called pleura
2 pleural cavities - one for each lung - L is smaller
potential space

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20
Q

boundaries of pleural cavity

A

superior
inferior
medial
anterior, posterior, lateral

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21
Q

two layers of pleura

A

parietal

visceral

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22
Q

parietal pleura

A

outer , lines inner aspect of thoracic cavity and mediastinum
thicker and more durable

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23
Q

visceral pleura

A

inner layer, lines outer surface of the lungs

more delicate

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24
Q

parietal and visceral pleura relationship - important for inflation/deflation

A

continuous with each other at the hilum of the lung

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25
how do muscles of respiration act to increase/decrease thoracic volume
active inspiration - contraction of accessory muscles of breathing , all act to increase volume of thoracic cavity = scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior and latissimus dorsi active expiration - contraction of several thoracic and abdominal muscles , act to decrease volume of thoracic cavity = anterolateral abdominal wall, internal intercostal, innermost intercostal
26
Boyle's law and mechanics of breathing, inspiration and expiration
pressure and volume are always inversely proportional at a given temp of a gas
27
state mechanical factors that affect resp minute volume
temperature exercise pregnancy blood pressure
28
why is intrapleural pressure always less than alveolar pressure
29
state role of pulmonary surfactant and the law of Laplace
reduces surface tension on alveolar surface membrane thus reducing tendency for alveoli to collapse
30
define compliance
ability of lungs and pleural cavity to expand and contract based on changes in pressure
31
factors affecting compliance
elasticity of lung tissue | surface tensions at air-water interfaces
32
functional difference between pulmonary and alveolar ventilation
``` pulmonary = volume of air entering the lungs in unit time alveolar = exchange of gas between alveoli and external environment ```
33
describe impact dead space has on alveolar ventilation
body will tend to combat increased dead space by raising the frequency of breaths to try and maintain sufficient levels of alveolar ventilation
34
normal values for alveolar and arterial gas partial pressures
``` PAO2 = 100mmHg PaO2 = 80-100mmHg (systemic), 40-50mmHg (pulmonary, deoxygenated) ``` ``` PACO2 = 35mmHg PaCO2 = 40-45mmHg (systemic), 50mmHg (pulmonary) ```
35
describe blood supply to lungs
lungs supplied with deoxygenated blood by the paired pulmonary arteries. once blood has received oxygenation, leaves lungs via four pulmonary veins (2 for each)
36
describe factors that influence diffusion of gases across alveoli
thickness of membrane - faster when thinner surface area of membrane - faster when larger diffusion coefficient pressure difference
37
how can spirometry be used to identify abnormal lung function
measures how much air you can breathe in and out in one forced breath measures how well your lungs work well how much you inhale, exhale and how quickly you exhale
38
characteristic results of lung function tests in obstructive lung disease patients
reduced FEV1 (<80% of predicted normal) reduced FVC FEV1/FVC ratio reduced ( <0.7)
39
characteristic of results of lung function tests in restrictive lung disease patients
reduced VC, reduced TLC | isolated reduction of RV
40
inspiratory reserve volume
avg = 2.5L | extra volume that can be inspired above tidal volume, from normal quiet inspiration to max
41
expiratory reserve volume
avg = 1.5L | extra volume that can be expired below tidal volume, from normal quiet to max
42
residual volumes
avg = 1.5L | volume remaining after max expiration
43
inspiratory capacity
avg = 3L
44
functional residual capacity
avg = 3.0L
45
vital capacity
avg = 4.5L
46
total lung capacities
avg = 6.0L
47
minute ventilation (VE)
amount of air entering the lungs per minute | VE = TV x Breaths per min
48
alveolar ventilation (VA)
amount of gas per unit of time that reaches the alveoli and becomes involved in gas exchange VA = (TV - DSV) x RR
49
dead space ventilation (VD)
amount of air per unit of time that is not involved in gas exchange, such as the air that remains in the conducting zones VD = DSV x RR
50
difference between partial pressure and gas content
51
what is role of haemoglobin in transport of O2 in blood
52
explain why shape of oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve is important to O2 loading in lungs and unloading in tissues
when oxyhaemoglobin reaches a tissue with a low pO2 it will dissociate into O2 and haemoglobin resulting in increased local pO2. Inversely, when it reaches a tissue with high pO2, haemoglobin will continue to take up more O2, resulting in lowered pO2.
53
factors that affect the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve
pH/pCO2 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) temperature
54
compare oxyhaemoglobin dissociation for adult haemoglobin with that of foetal haemoglobin and myoglobin in relation to their physiological roles
55
identify forms in which CO2 is transported in blood
dissolved in solution buffered with water as carbonic acid (bicarbonate) bound to proteins, particularly haemoglobin diffuses into RBCs
56
explain action of carbonic anhydrase in CO2 transport
converts CO2 into carbonic acid , subsequently hydrolysed into bicarbonate and H+
57
identify factors which favour CO2 unloading to alveoli at lungs
surface area of alveolar membrane partial pressure gradients of gasses matching of perfusion/ventilation
58
define shunt
passage made to allow blood or other fluid to move from one part of the body to another
59
define alveolar dead space
difference between the physiologic dead space and anatomic dead space contributed by all terminal resp units that are over-ventilated relative to perfusion
60
define physiologic dead space
anatomical dead space plus alveolar dead space
61
define anatomical dead space
volume of air located in resp tract segments that are responsible for conducting air to alveoli and resp bronchioles but do not take part in process of gas exchange itself
62
define 5 different types of hypoxia
hypoxic hypoxia - lack of O2 in blood flowing to tissues anemic hypoxia - insufficient amount of RBC stagnant hypoxia - poor blood flow , less O2 available histiotoxic hypoxia - body finds hard to utilise oxygen cytopathic hypoxia - higher demand for O2
63
explain how resp motor movements are affected by CNS
medulla oblongata helps send signals to muscles that control resp to cause breathing to occur and thereby controls voluntary resp therefore both voluntary and involuntary resp are controlled by CNS
64
describe location of 2 classes of chemoreceptors
``` peripheral = aortic and carotid bodies central = brain ```
65
identify stimuli which activate 2 classes of chemoreceptors
changes in arterial CO2, O2, and pH central respond to increase in CO2 or acidity peripheral respond to changes in arterial blood oxygen and initiate reflexes important for maintaining homeostasis during hypoxemia
66
list factors involved in changing 'resp drive' , rate and depth of breathing
CO2 levels main influence - increase = resp centre (medulla and pons) stimulated to increase rate and depth of breathing
67
how do the central chemoreceptors serve to regulate the arterial pCO2 by monitoring pH of CSF
HCO3- levels remain relatively constant, whereas CO2 freely diffuses across the BBB, from arterial blood supply into CSF CO2 reacts with H2O, producing carbonic acid, lowering pH - therefore, pH of CSF inversely proportional to arterial pCO2 small decrease in pCO2 -> increase in pH of CSF - stimulates resp centre to decrease ventilation small increase in pCO2 -> decrease in pH of CSF - stimulates resp centre to increase ventilation
68
how do the peripheral chemoreceptors become important during hypoxia and acid-base imbalance
detect large changes in pO2 as arterial blood supply leaves heart low levels of O2, afferent impulses travel via glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves to medulla oblongata and the pons in brainstem - number of responses coordinated to restore pO2
69
outline role of resp system in acid-base disturbance
alters resp rate to change conc of CO2 in blood
70
explain how CO2 affects acid-base balance
amount of CO2 expired can cause pH to increase or decrease , due to CO2 forming carbonic acid in the body when combining with water
71
how can resp system both create, and compensate, for acid-base disturbances

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