resp infection

Question 1

define strep. pyogenes

Answer 1

species of gram positive, aerotolerant bacteria
genus = streptococcus

extracellular
non-motile, non-sporing cocci (round) that tend to link in chains

Question 2

define rhinoviruses

Answer 2

cause common cold
“rhin” = nose

genus of single-stranded RNA viruses of family Picornaviridae including 2 species (HRA and HRB)
numerous serotypes that cause resp infections

Question 3

define adenoviruses

Answer 3

group of viruses that cause cold-like symptoms

Question 4

define parainfluenza

Answer 4

a disease caused by any group of viruses which resemble the influenza viruses

Question 5

define influenza

Answer 5

highly contagious viral infection of the resp passages causing fever, severe aching, and catarrh, and often occurring in epidemics

Question 6

define EB virus

Answer 6

epstein-barr virus aka human herpesvirus 4

common that infects only humans

Question 7

define mechanisms of defence in resp system

Answer 7

macrophage-mucociliary excalator system
general immune system - humoral and cellular
resp tract secretions
upper resp tract as a ‘filter’

Question 8

describe pathogenesis of bronchopneumonia

Answer 8

occurs when viruses, bacteria, or fungi cause inflammation and infection in the alveoli (tiny air sacs) in the lungs

may have trouble breathing because airways are restricted

Question 9

define pathogenesis of lobar pneumonia

Answer 9

characterised by heavy and boggy appearing lung tissue, diffuse congestion, vascular engorgement, and accumulation of alveolar fluid rich in infective organisms

Question 10

complications and consequences of LRTIs

Answer 10

congestive heart failure
resp failure
resp arrest
sepsis, blood inf -> organ shutdown
lung abscesses

Question 11

clinical features of acute bronchitis

Answer 11

symptoms = cough, chest pain, runny nose, fatigue, headache, chills, fever, sore throat

can often diagnose by history and physical exam

Question 12

clinical features of bronchiectasis

Answer 12

symptoms = daily cough, productive
exertional dyspnoea
fatigue
rhinosinusitis

signs = finger clubbing
course crepitations
rhonchi (low pitched like snoring)
high-pitched inspiratory squeaks and pops

Question 13

clinical features of lung abscess

Answer 13

symptoms = chest pain, cough, fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, night sweats, weight loss, dyspnoea

Question 14

clinical features of empyema

Answer 14

symptoms = chest pain, dry cough

excessive sweating, fever and chills, SOB, weight loss

Question 15

causes of recurrent pneumonia

Answer 15

microorganisms

bacteria most common cause

Question 16

understand physiological changes to pulmonary gas exchange in resp tract infections

Question 17

macrophage-mucociliary escalator system

Answer 17

alveolar macrophages
mucociliary escalator
cough reflex

Question 18

examples of URTIs

Answer 18

coryza - common cold
sore throat syndrome
acute laryngotracheobronchilitis (croup)
laryngitis
sinusitis
acute epiglottitis

Question 19

examples of LRTIs

Answer 19

bronchitis
bronchiolitis
pneumonia

Question 20

aetiology classification of pneumonia

Answer 20

community acquired pneumonia (CAI)
hospital acquired pneumonia (HAI) (nosocomial)
pneumonia in immunocompromised
atypical 
aspiration
recurrent

Question 21

patterns of pneumonia

Answer 21

bronchopneumonia
segmental
lobar

hypostatic
aspiration
obstructive, retention, endogenous lipid

Question 22

most common pathogens causing lobar pneumonia

Answer 22

streptococcus pneumoniae
haemophilus influenzae
moraxella catarrhalis

if pulmonary tuberculosis isnt treated properly, mycobacterium tuberculosis, the tubercle bacillus, may also cause it