Physiology and health

Question 1

Where are the gametes produced in males and females?

Answer 1

Eggs are produced in the ovaries and sperm are produced in the testes.

Question 2

Describe interstitial cells and seminiferous tubules?

Answer 2

Interstitial cells produce testosterone and the seminiferous tubules are the site of sperm production.

Question 3

describe the three hormones in me and their function?

Answer 3

FSH - promotes sperm production
ICSH - stimulates the interstitial cells to release testosterone
Testosterone - stimulates sperm production

Question 4

Name the pituitary hormones produced in females and describe their function?

Answer 4

FSH - stimulates development of a follicle

LH - triggers ovulation

Question 5

Describe the effect of a peak in LH in the female body?

Answer 5

A peak in LH triggers ovulation

Question 6

What structure produces testosterone?

Answer 6

The corpus luteum produces progesterone

Question 7

What effect does a rise of progesterone have on the female body?

Answer 7

A rise in progesterone thickens the endometrium

Question 8

describe the effect of a decrease of progesterone has on the menstrual cycle?

Answer 8

A decrease in progesterone causes menstruation to occur as the endometrium lining breaks down

Question 9

State why the female body might be infertile?

Answer 9

a female can be infertile if she fails to ovulate, she has a blockage in her oviduct or the egg fails to implant

Question 10

How can a females fertile period be calculated?

Answer 10

A females fertile period can be calculated by a rise in body temperature or thinning of the cervical mucus

Question 11

What is artificial insemination?

Answer 11

Artificial insemination is when sperm is introduced to the female reproductive system by other means than sexual intercourse.

Question 12

Describe ICSI?

Answer 12

ICSI stands for intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection and is when the head of a sperm is injected directly into the egg

Question 13

What is IVF and where are the fertilised eggs placed in the female body?

Answer 13

IVF stands for in-vitro fertilisation and it is when eggs are fertilised outside the female body. the eggs are placed in the uterus

Question 14

Describe the importance of antenatal screening?

Answer 14

antenatal screening is used to identify the risk of the foetus inheriting any genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities

Question 15

What is the dating scan and what is it used to determine?

Answer 15

A date scan is an ultrasound that shows the stage of pregnancy and determines the babies due date.

Question 16

What is PGD and what is it used for?

Answer 16

PGD is pre-implantation genetic diagnosis and it is used to check for known chromosomal or genetic defects. usually used with IVF

Question 17

What is tissue fluid?

Answer 17

Tissue fluid is plasma that has been squeezed from the capillaries under high pressure, known as pressure filtration, and surrounds body cells at capillary beds.

Question 18

What useful substances does tissue fluid carry to cells?

Answer 18

Tissue fluid carries oxygen, glucose and amino acids

Question 19

What is the function of a lymph vessel?

Answer 19

Lymph vessels transport excess tissue fluid as lymph and return it to the circulatory system

Question 20

What is the natural heart pacemaker?

Answer 20

The SAN or Sino-atrial node is the pacemaker of the heart

Question 21

What is the function of valves?

Answer 21

Valves prevent backflow of blood

Question 22

Where are valves located in the heart?

Answer 22

Valves are found between atriums and ventricles (AV valves)
The tricuspid is on the right side and the bicuspid on the left.
semi lunar valves are found on the way out of the heart in the pulmonary artery and the aorta

Question 23

Name the valves in the heart?

Answer 23

tricuspid
bicuspid
Semi lunar valves

Question 24

Describe what happens in atrial systole and ventricular systole?

Answer 24

During atrial systole the atriums contract and force blood to the ventricles. During ventricular systole the ventricles contract and force blood to the heart

Question 25

Describe the effect the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves have on heart rate?

Answer 25

Sympathetic nerve increases heart rate and the parasympathetic nerve decreases heart rate

Question 26

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 26

Atherosclerosis is the build up of fatty material under the endothelium lining of the artery that increases pressure

Question 27

What is a thrombus?

Answer 27

A thrombus is a blood clot formed when the atheroma breaks the lining of the artery

Question 28

Name the enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin?

Answer 28

Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin and clots the blood

Question 29

Why can a blood clot in an artery lead to a stroke?

Answer 29

A blood clot in an artery can lead to a stroke as the clot can break free, move to an artery in the brain and deprive the tissue/cells of oxygen and can lead to death.

Question 30

How is blood glucose controlled?

Answer 30

Insulin converts glucose to glycogen and glucagon converts glycogen back to glucose in the liver

Question 31

State where the receptors are located that controls blood glucose?

Answer 31

The pancreas has receptors that detect blood glucose levels

Question 32

Name the hormone produced when blood glucose falls and describe the effect this hormone has?

Answer 32

Glucagon converts glycogen back to glucose in the liver and blood glucose levels increase

Question 33

What is type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Answer 33

Type 1 diabetes I when the body does not produce insulin. type 2 are no longer sensitive to insulin

Question 34

What treatment are available to type 1 and type 2 diabetics?

Answer 34

type 1 diabetics receive regular insulin injections. type 2 diabetics need a controlled diet and increased exercise.