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Meducina > Physiology: Cell Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology: Cell Physiology Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

2 major parts of the cell

A

Nuclues and Cytoplasm

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2
Q

The difference substances that make up the cell are collectively called

A

protoplasm

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3
Q

Contents of protoplasm

A

Water, IOns, CHONs, CHO, Lipids

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4
Q

the principal fluid medium of the cell

A

Water

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5
Q

COncentration of water inside cell

A

70-80%

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6
Q

the most important ions in the cell

A

potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate, bicarbonate and smaller quantities of sodium, chloride and calcium

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7
Q

T/F, The ions provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions, they are necessary for operation of some cellular control mechanisms

A

true

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8
Q

Types of proteins in cell

A

Structure and functional proteins

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9
Q

Present in the cell in the form of long filaments they are polymers of many protein molecules.

A

Structural proteins

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10
Q

They are tubuloglobular proteins, such as enzymes of the cell, often mobile in the cell fluid and adherent to membranous structures inside the cell

A

Functional proteins

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11
Q

Proteins like elastin, collagen (found in connective tissues, walls of blood vessels, tendons, and ligaments)

A

extracellular proteins

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12
Q

Two types of lipids inside the cell

A

a. Phospholipids and cholesterol

b. Triglycerides/Neutral Fat

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13
Q

They are mainly insoluble in water which allows them to be used in forming the cell membrane and intracellular membrane barriers that separate the different cell compartments.

A

Phospholipids and cholesterol

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14
Q

They are the body’s main storehouse of energy-giving nutrients. This stored fat can be converted into energy wherever in the body it is needed.

A

Triglycerides/Neutral Fat

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15
Q

Play a major role in the nutrition of the cell

A

Carbohydrate

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16
Q

Separates cell from other substances in the body, and covers most intracellular organelles to separate them from other substances

A

Cell membrane

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17
Q

CM are composed primarily of __ and __

A

lipids and proteins

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18
Q

What does lipid bilayer of the CM implies?

A

Has two layers of hydrophilic end and hydrophobic end

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19
Q

Composition of basic lipid bilayer

A

Phospholipid molecule (phosphate + Llipid or fatty acid)

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20
Q

Phosphate end is hydro__?

A

Hydrophilic

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21
Q

Fatty acid end is hydro___?

A

Hydrophobic

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22
Q

Water soluble substances inside the CM

A

ions, glucose, urea

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23
Q

Fat soluble substances inside the CM

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, steroid hormone

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24
Q

They cross cell membranes because

they can dissolve in the hydrophobic lipid bilayer.

A

Lipid-soluble substances

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25
They cannot dissolve in the lipid of the | membrane, but may cross through water-filled channels, or pores, or may be transported by carriers
Water-soluble substances
26
protrude all the way to the membrane, provide structural channels or pores through which water molecules and water-soluble substances (ex. ions), diffuse between extra and intracellular fluids
Integral proteins
27
only attached to 1 surface, are not imbedded in the cell membrane, are not covalently bound to membrane components, are loosely attached to the cell membrane by electrostatic interactions
Peripheral proteins
28
may span the cell membrane. Include ion channels, transport proteins, receptors, and guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP)–binding proteins (G proteins)--carrier protein and enzyme
Integral proteins
29
a loose carbohydrate coat of the entire outside surface of the cell occur in combination with proteins or lipids (glycoproteins or glycolipids)
Glycocalyx
30
carbohydrate compounds loosely attach to the outer surface of the cell "glycosylated proteins"
proteoglycans
31
The clear fluid portion of the cytoplasm in which the particles are dispersed.
Cytosol
32
5 important organelles that is dispersed by cytosol
``` Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria Peroxisomes Lysosomes ```
33
Is responsible for metabolism in the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
34
Site for production of ATP
Mitochondria
35
A network of tubular and flat vesicular structures in the cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum
36
T/F, for ER, the tubules and vesicles interconnect with one another, their walls are constructed of lipid bilayer membranes
True
37
a watery medium different from the fluid in the cytosol that fills the space inside the tubules and vesicles of the ER
endoplasmic matrix
38
T/F, the vast area of the endoplasmic reticulum and the multiple enzyme systems attached to its membranes, provide machinery for a major share of the metabolic function of the cell
true
39
Two types of Endoplasmic reticulum
a. Granular ER (rough ER) | b. Agranular Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)
40
function to synthesize new protein molecules
Granular ER
41
granular particles attached to the outer surface; composed of the mixture of RNA and proteins
Ribosomes
42
function for lipid synthesis and for other processes of the cells promoted by intrareticular enzymes.
Agranular Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)
43
Provides the enzymes that control glycogen breakdown
ER
44
It provides a vast number of enzymes that are capable of detoxifying substances (e.g Drugs) via Coagulation, Oxidation, hydrolysis, conjugation with glucuronic acid
ER
45
composed of 4 or more stacked layers of thin, flat and closed vesicles lying near one side of the nucleus
Golgi Apparatus
46
prominent in secretory cells and function in association with ER
Golgi Apparatus
47
Small “transport vesicles” continually pinch off from the ER and fuse with the Golgi apparatus.
endoplasmic reticulum vesicles
48
It is where transported substances are then processed to form lysosomes, secretory vesicles and other cytoplasmic components
Golgi Apparatus
49
Major function of Golgi apparatus
provide additional processing of substances already formed in the ER
50
T/F, Golgi App has the capability of synthesizing certain carbohydrates that cannot be formed in the ER
true
51
Special function of golgi app
a. Synthetic functions | b. Formation of vesicles
52
They are major components of proteoglycans secreted in mucus and other glandular secretions
Hyaluronic acid | chondroitin sulfate
53
principal components of organic matrix in both cartilage and bone.
Hyaluronic acid | chondroitin sulfate
54
major components of the ground substance outside the cells in the interstitial spaces acting as filler between collagen fibers and cells
Hyaluronic acid | chondroitin sulfate
55
vesicular organelles formed by breaking off from the GA and dispersing throughout the cytoplasm
lysosome
56
provide the intracellular digestive system that allows the cell to digest
lysosome
57
What does lysosome digest
* damaged cellular structures * food particles ingested by the cell * unwanted matter ex. Bacteria
58
Enzyme of lysosome
Hydrolase enzyme
59
capable of splitting an organic compound into 2 or more parts by combining H from H20 molecule with one part of the compound and combining the hydroxyl portion of the water molecule with the other part of the compound
Hydrolytic enzyme
60
protein is hydrolyzed to __?
Amino acid
61
glycogen is hydrolyzed to __?
Glucose
62
lipids are hydrolyzed to
fatty acid and glycerol
63
responsible for much removal of damaged cells or portions of cells in tissues
lysosome
64
Mechanism of lysosome digestion
released hydrolases immediately begin to digest the surrounding organic substances
65
bactericidal agents content of lysosome
Lysozyme, Lysoferrin, Acid @ a pH of about 5.0
66
Lysosome enzyme that dissolves the Bacterial cell membrane
Lysozyme
67
Lysosome enzyme binds iron and other substances before they can promote bacterial growth
Lysoferrin
68
activates the hydrolases and inactivates bacterial metabolic systems.
Acid @ a pH of about 5.0
69
Similar to lysosomes, formed by self-replication by budding off from the Smooth ER rather than the GA.
Peroxisomes
70
Where does peroxisome breaks off?
Smooth ER
71
Enzyme content of peroxidase
Oxidases
72
Enzyme capable of combining oxygen with hydrogen ions from other intracellular chemical (hydrogen peroxide) that make H2O2
Oxidases
73
A highly oxidizing substance used in association with catalase to oxidize substances poisonous to cell
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
74
one of its most important functions is secretion of special chemical substances
Secretory Vesicles
75
Forms all secretory vesicles
ER and the GA system
76
They store protein pro-enzymes
Secretory Vesicles
77
enzymes that are not yet activated and becomes activated in the duodenum
pro-enzyme
78
the “powerhouse” of the cell
Mitochondria
79
T/F, Mitochondria is self-replicative
True
80
What synthesizes the precursor for filaments and tubular structures
Filaments and Tubular Structures
81
Filament that large in numbers frequently occur in the outer zone of the cytoplasm (ectoplasm) to form an elastic support for the cell membrane
Actin filaments
82
organized into a special contractile machine that is the basis for muscular contraction
Actin and myosin filaments
83
a special type of stiff filament used in constructing the microtubules
Tubulin
84
act as a cytoskeleton providing rigid, physical structures for certain parts
microtubules
85
control center of the cell
Nucleus
86
contains large quantities of DNA which are the genes
Nucleus
87
Determine the characteristics of the cell’s proteins and enzymes controlling nuclear activities, control and promote reproduction of the cell itself
Genes
88
cell takes in the fluids along with dissolved small molecules "Drink"
Pinocytosis
89
Pinocytosis is powered by
ATP
90
What ion is utilized by pinocytosis
Calcium ion
91
Cells capable of phagocytosis
tissue macrophages and some WBCs
92
Process wherein a specific antibody (Opsonin) attaches to bacteria which instigate phagocytosis.
Opsonization
93
Cell death
Auto-lysis
94
T/F, Light cell damage to only a portion of the cell is removed followed by repair of the cell
True
95
movement of an entire cell in relation to its surroundings
Ameboid Movement
96
most important initiator of ameboid locomotion
chemotaxis
97
T/F, chemotaxis moves toward source of chemotactic substance
True
98
any chemical substance that causes chemotaxis to occur
Chemotactic substance
99
Chemotaxis where cells move from lower to higher concentration
positive chemotaxis
100
Chemotaxis where cells move from higher to lower concentration; cells move away from the source
negative chemotaxis
101
whip-like movement of cilia on the surface of the cells
Ciliary Movements
102
Where does cilliary movement occur
only in respiratory airways and Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes) of the reproductive tract
103
Clinical application of cilia and ciliary movement
a. Immotile cilia syndrome (ICS) | b. Dynein arm defects
104
an autosomal recessive disease of the cilia
Immotile cilia syndrome (ICS)
105
Manifest as a total or a partial absence of either both inner or both outer dynein arms and Involve just the inner or outer arms.
Dynein arm defects
106
A latticework of fibrillar protein found in the inside of the cell membrane beneath coated pits.
Clathrin

Meducina (6 decks)

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