Physiology: Feeding & Satiety

Question 1

What are some conditions closely related to obesity?

Answer 1

1. Metabolic syndrome
2. Type 2 Diabetes
3. CVD
4. Stroke
5. Dyslipidaemia

Question 2

How is BMI measured?

Answer 2

Weight (Kg)/ Height (m)

Question 3

How much does a persons BMI need to be to be obese?

Answer 3

Over 30

Over 40 - Morbidly obese

Question 4

What are the two Greatest factors that contribute to obesity?

Answer 4

• Sedentary lifestyle

- High fat diet.

Question 5

What are two non modifiable risk factors for Obesity?

Answer 5

Genetics

Environment

Question 6

Why is obesity known as a disease of the brain?

Answer 6

Long term obesity induces brain re-programming
Brain sees putting on weight as normal
Any forms of dieting/cutting down seen as abnormal.

Question 7

Which part of the brain deals with energy balance and body weight?

Answer 7

Hypothalamus.

Question 8

How does the CNS influence energy intake and weight? (3)

Answer 8

1. Behaviour- feeding/physical activity
2. ANS stimulation- regulate energy expenditure
3. Neuroendocrine system- secrets hormones

Question 9

Which 3 factors underline the control system?

Answer 9

1. Satiety
2. Adiposity negative feedback signalling
3. Food reward

Question 10

What is satiation?

Answer 10

The sensation of fullness generated during a meal

Question 11

What is Satiety?

Answer 11

Period of time in-between two meals

Question 12

What is adiposity?

Answer 12

State of obesity

Question 13

What happens to Satiation signals during a meal? Why?

Answer 13

Increases. Limit meal size.

Question 14

Which 5 Hormones carry out satiation?

Answer 14

1. Cholecystokinin
2. Peptide YY
3. Glucagon-like peptide 1
4. Oxyntomodulin
5. Obestatin

Question 15

What is Cholecystokinin released in proportion to?

Answer 15

Lipids and protein content of the meal

Question 16

When is Peptide YY released? What does it do?

Answer 16

Post meal.

1. Inhibits gastric motility
2. Slows emptying
3. Reduces food intake.

Question 17

What is the role of Glucagon like peptide 1? (2)

Answer 17

1. Inhibits gastric emptying

2. Reduces food intake

Question 18

What is the effect of Oxyntomodulin?

Answer 18

Suppresses apetite

Question 19

What is the effect of obestatin?

Answer 19

Reduces food intake. may suppress ghrelin

Question 20

What is the function of Ghrelin? (2)

Answer 20

Hunger signal

Stimulates food intake.
Reduces fat utilisation

Question 21

What is the main role of the feedback loop?

Answer 21

Maintains constancy of body energy stores

Question 22

What are the effects of Glutamate, gaba and opiods?

Answer 22

Increase food intake

Question 23

Effect of monoamines?

Answer 23

Suppress food intake

Question 24

Which two hormones report fat status to the brain? (adiposity signals)

Answer 24

1. Leptin

2. Insulin

Question 25

What is the effect of these hormones on the brain?

Answer 25

Instructs brain to alter energy balance - Eat less - burn more energy. Obesity- malfunction of above process

Question 26

What do levels of insulin in the body depend on?

Answer 26

Proportionate to body adiposity

Question 27

What does intra-cerebro-ventricular insulin do?

Answer 27

Inhibits food intake | Decrease body weight

Question 28

What is food reward?

Answer 28

Pleasure gained from eating food

Question 29

What does food reward stimulate in the brain?

Answer 29

Stimulates dopamine pathways. | Common pathway in drug/substance abuse

Question 30

What is the main treatment for people who have genetic leptin malfunction?

Answer 30

Leptin therapy. Injections. Does work.

Question 31

Why cant leptin therapy be used in most obese (diet driven) patients?

Answer 31

Obese patients develop Leptin resistance

Question 32

What is the main drug used for obesity now?

Answer 32

Orlistat

Question 33

What is the pharmacological effect of Orlistat? (2)

Answer 33

- Inhibits pancreatic lipase, reducing triglyceride absorption - Reduces efficiency of fat absorption into small intestine?

Question 34

What are the two major side effects of Orlistat?

Answer 34

Cramping | Severe diarrhoea

Question 35

What is the mechanism of action of Contrave

Answer 35

Combo of 1. Dopamine re-uptake inhibitor 2. Opioid antagonist

Question 36

What is the mechanism of Liraglutaide?

Answer 36

GLP1 receptor agonist

Question 37

Is bariatric surgery effective treatment?

Answer 37

Yes 1. Produces substantial weight loss 2. Can permanently reverse Type 2 diabetes

Question 38

How does DNP work?

Answer 38

Causes rapid fat loss by dramatically increasing body temp and metabolic rate.