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NMF: Haematology > PHYSIOLOGY: Haematopoiesis and haemostasis > Flashcards

PHYSIOLOGY: Haematopoiesis and haemostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up blood plasma?

A

90% water
proteins eg. albumin, immunoglobulins, clotting factors
nutrients
salts

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2
Q

What makes up the buffy coat of blood?

A

white cells and platelets

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3
Q

How much of the blood do red blood cells make up?

A

45%

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4
Q

What do plasma proteins do?

A

balance osmotic pressure between the blood and surrounding tissues
transport lipids and ions

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5
Q

What do alpha globulins do?

A

transport proteins that bind to lipids, fat soluble vitamins and metal ions

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6
Q

What does albumin do?

A

maintains osmotic pressure

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7
Q

What is haemopoiesis?

A

the formation of blood cells

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8
Q

What cell is the starting point of haemopoeisis?

A

haemopoietic stem cell

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9
Q

What property does a haemopoietic stem cell have that other blood cells don’t?

A

can self renew

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10
Q

What does a haemopoietic stem cell produce?

A

progenitor cell

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11
Q

What two lineages are produced from haemopoietic progenitor cells?

A

myeloid and lymphoid

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12
Q

What cells have a lymphoid lineage?

A

B cells
T cells
NK cells
dendrites

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13
Q

What does a naive B cell become in the tissues?

A

plasma cell

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14
Q

What is the function of

a) B cell?
b) T cell?
c) NK cell?

A

a) humoral response
b) cell mediated response
c) anti-viral and anti-tumour

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15
Q

What cells have a myeloid lineage?

A 
erythrocytes
platelets
granulocytes
monocytes
dendrites
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16
Q

What does a monocyte become in the tissues?

A

macrophage

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17
Q

Give an example of 3 granulocytes and their function

A

neutrophil - phagocytosis and acute inflammation
basophil - modulate hypersensitivity
eosinophil - destroy parasites and modulate hypersensitivity

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18
Q

What is proliferation?

A

an increase in cell numbers

19
Q

What is differentiation?

A

descendent commit to one or more lineages

20
Q

What is maturation?

A

descendants acquire functional properties and may stop proliferating

21
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

descendants undergo cell death

22
Q

What is the site of haematopoiesis in an embryo?

A

yolk sac stops week 10
liver begins week 6 (+ spleen)
bone marrow week 16

23
Q

Which type of bone marrow is haemopoietically active?

A

red

24
Q

In adults, where does haematopoiesis mainly occur?

A

axial skeleton

bone marrow of skull, ribs, sternum, pelvis, proximal ends of femur.

25
Q

What lineage do dendritic cells have?

A

myeloid and lymphoid

26
Q

Are immature progenitors or mature cells more common in the bone marrow?

A

mature cells

27
Q

Give the progression of haematopoiesis that forms an erythrocyte

A

haemocytoblast

proerythroblast

early erythroblast

late erythroblast

reticulocyte

mature erthyrocyte

28
Q

What change occurs between an erythoblast and a reticulocyte?

A

organelles are lost to give biconcave shape

29
Q

What change occurs between reticulocyte to erythrocyte?

A

cell moves to blood

loses its nucleus + ribosomes

30
Q

Where does platelet production occur?

A

on the periphery of a megakaryocyte, it buds off

31
Q

How is CO2 carried in the blood?

A

mostly as bicarbonate (60%)
• 10% is dissolved
• 30% bound to Hb as carbamino-Hb

32
Q

What is extra medullary haematopoiesis?

A

occurs out with bone marrow eg. liver, thymus, spleen

33
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

the arrest of bleeding and maintenance of vascular patency

34
Q

What is primary haemostasis?

A

the formation of a platelet plug

35
Q

How does endothelial damage attract platelets?

A

exposes collagen and releases VWF so that platelet adhesion occurs, the platelets then release chemicals to cause platelet aggregation

36
Q

What can cause failure of the platelet plug to form?

A

vascular causes, reduced no (thrombocytopenia), reduced function or due to VWF

37
Q

What are the signs of failure of the platelet plug to form?

A
  • Spontaneous bruising and purpura
  • Mucosal bleeding eg epistaxis, GI, conjunctival, menorrhagia
  • Intracranial haemorrhage
  • Retinal haemorrhage
38
Q

How can primary haemostasis be investigated?

A

platelet count

39
Q

What is secondary haemostasis?

A

the formation of a fibrin clot

40
Q

How is secondary haemostasis triggered?

A

damage to vessel wall releases clotting factors that convert prothrombin to thrombin, then thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin

fibrin strands adhere to the platelet plug to form an insoluble clot

41
Q

What usually causes

a) single clotting factor deficiency?
b) multiple clotting factor deficiency?

A

a) hereditary eg. haemophilia

b) acquired eg. DIC

42
Q

How does fibrinolysis occur?

A

tPa converts plasminogen to plasmin which breaks fibrin down into fibrin degradation products

43
Q

How can secondary haemostasis be investigated?

A

Prothrombin time

Activated partial thromboplastin time

44
Q

Name some naturally occuring anticoagulants

A
  • Serine protease inhibitors

* Protein c and protein s

NMF: Haematology (8 decks)

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