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Comprehensive Exam > Physiology I > Flashcards

Physiology I Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

what are the body’s two main fluid compartments

A

ECF and ICF

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2
Q

which compartment is high in potassium

A

ICF

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3
Q

which compartment is high in sodium and chloride

A

ECF

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4
Q

which compartment is called the internal environment

A

ECF

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5
Q

describe the ECF (6)

A
  • body fluid that surrounds cells
  • high in Na, Cl, HCO3
  • separate from ICF by plasma/cell membrane of cells (IMPERMEABLE)
  • forms immediate environment of cells (direct contact)
  • plasma: fluid portion of blood (surrounds blood cells)
  • interstitial fluid (ISF): tissue fluid (surrounds tissue cells)
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6
Q

plasma and interstitial fluid are separated by…

A

blood vessel walls

PERMEABLE… therefore constantly mixed

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7
Q

homeostasis =

A

keeping physical and chemical conditions in ECF nearly constant and ideal for cell life all at setpoint

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8
Q

gated ion channels (3)

A

ligand gated: open or close in response to ligand binding to receptor on OR near channel

voltage gated: open with change in voltage

mechanically gated: open in response of being physically deformed

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9
Q

which hormones are water soluble

A

protein/peptide

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10
Q

which hormones are lipid soluble

A

steroid

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11
Q

mechanism for water soluble hormones (peptide/protein)

A

messenger –> receptor (part of or adjacent to ion channel) –> open/close channel –> ­increase or decrease ions –> change in electrical state

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12
Q

aldosterone vs cortisol

A

steroids lipid soluble so bound to plasma proteins

aldosterone = mineralocorticoid

cortisol = glucocorticoid

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13
Q

mechanism for steroid/thyroid metabolic hormones (lipid soluble)

A

gene activation –> synthesis of new protein

hormone –> receptor –> nucleus –> binds to gene receptor –> activates DNA gene segment –> mRNA –> ribosome –> protein synthesis

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14
Q

G protein linked receptor mechanism for hormones (adrenal catecholamines and most protein hormones)

A

stimulatory or inhibitory

hormone binds –> swaps GDP for GTP –> GTP dissociates

alpha part binds to membrane protein –> protein activated

now it can: open ion channel, activate gene transcription, activate enzyme, activate intracellular enzymes

activated adenylyl cyclase converts ATP –> cAMP (inside cell now) –> cAMP dependent protein kinase activation by allosteric modulation –> phosphorylates protein by covalent modulation –> cell response to hormone

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15
Q

input to endocrine cell that can influence its secretory rate (3)

A
  1. by ECF
  2. NS input
  3. hormone input
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16
Q

if secretion of hormon is influenced by plasma [] (ECF []),

A

then that hormone regulates ECF level of that ion/nutrient via negative feedback

example: insluin and blood sugar

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17
Q

what two endocrine glands produce at least 5 hormones that function to control the secretion rate of some other endocrine gland

A

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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18
Q

what are the two main subdivisons of the CNS

A

spinal cord and brain

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19
Q

what are the two main subdivisons of the PNS

A

afferent and efferent

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20
Q

what are the two main subiditions of the effecet (motor) division

A

somatic and autonomic

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21
Q

what are the two main subdivisions of the ANS

A

parasym and symp

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22
Q

For the somatic nervous system, what type of effector cell does it control, and what transmitter does it release onto these effector cells? Is this transmitter inhibitory?

A

effector cell = skeletal m

transmitter = acetylcholine

never inhibitory

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23
Q

what are the three effector cells that ANS controls

A

smooth m, cardiac m, glands

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24
Q

where are the cell bodies (ganglion) of the sym and parasym located

A

symp: near spinal cord (1st short, 2nd long)
parasymp: within effector organ (1st long, 2nd short)

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25
2 neuron chain between CNS and effector location
1. cell body of 1st in brainstem and spinal cord 2. cell body of 2nd (and synapse!) outside CNS in autonomic ganglion
26
cholinergic fiber is what transmitter and what uses it
**acetylcholine** used by: 1. somatic NS fibers 2. **pre**ganglion para and sym 3. **para**symp postganglion
27
adrenergic fibers is what transmitter and what uses it
**epinephrine/ NE** used by: 1. postganglionic symp
28
adrenal medulla in regards to transmitter and control
controlled by symp pregang fibers release NE/epi directly to blood
29
resting membrane potential
membrane potential of cell at rest. only need a few charges to establish RMP **not** total number of charges **inside cell is (-) comparted to outside**
30
RMP in relative to permeability to sodium and potassium
**more permeable to K** neg on inside, pos on outside (K+ moving out makes inside (-) )
31
What are the two types of force that can act on an ion to produce its net movement from point A to point B?
1. force of electricity (neg attracts pos) 2. conc gradient (high to low)
32
Describe how potassium movements are the chief factor resulting in the production of the resting membrane potential.
**100x more permeable than Na** if cell permeable to K, not Na, then K+ moves out of cell and outside will have excess of (+) charge and membrane potential now present * **membrane potential** influences K+ movement * **electrical force:** slows outward movement of K+
33
Na/K pump
3 Na out; 2 K in net: 1 pos ion moves outside
34
equilibrium potential
equal force in both deirections (magnitude) for ion **not cell** can be one or both directions
35
graded potentials vs AP in... size, initiation, travel, hyperpolarized?
**GP smaller than AP** **initiation**: AP by depolarization of GP reaching threshold GP - substimulus on sensory receptor (ex. Light) or transmitter on post synaptic potential **or** spontaneous **travel**: AP same size, GP die out (gradually decrease) **hyperpol**: GP yes, AP never
36
graded potential functions
make neurons more or less likely to produce AP more: depolarization less: hyperpolarization
37
action potential function
cause neutrotransmitter to be released
38
3 types of graded potentials
1. receptor potential: at peripheral end of sensory neuron in response to external stimulus 2. postsynaptic potential: produced by post synaptic cell in response to transmitter relase by presynaptic axon terminal 3. pacemaker potential: produced spontaneously by ion leakage --\> rate change
39
rising phase of action potential
depolarization **Na** moving **in** **ligand gated channel**
40
falling phase of action potential
repolarization ## Footnote **K moving out**
41
action potential threshold
amount of depol that GP has to produce so voltage gated channels will open and cause AP minimum amount of depolarization to cause action potential
42
inspiration
**Ppl \< Patm** * *inc size of pleural cavity** to dec Ppl * *rib muscle contract** the dec in Ppl --\> inc transpulmonary pressure to +6 and air flows in (high to low) \*\*air enters lungs because lung expanded not lung expanded because air entered it\*\*
43
lung compliance
magnitude of lung volume change produced by given change in pressure across lung wall ## Footnote **low compliance = low stretchability**
44
surfactant and surface tension
surfactant: detergent like substance ## Footnote **reduces surface tension --\> increasing compliance**
45
% HgB saturation
faction of all Hgb that's bound to oxygen **too loose**: not enough O2 will be picked up by lungs **too tight:** not enough will become unbound
46
total amount of oxygen carried by hemoglobin in blood depends on (2)
% Hgb saturation how much Hgb present in blood
47
increase of PO2 in blood causes % Hgb to inc or dec?
increase a **large dec** in PO2 --\> **very little dec** in HgB saturation ^^^DUE TO PLATEAU (SAFETY FACTOR)
48
Factors that shift curve to the right (4)
1. decrease pH 2. increase temp 3. increase BPG/2-3BPG 4. increase CO2 (direct or indirect) **benefit: decrease Hgb affinity for oxygen allowing O2 to break off and deliver to tissues**
49
Why does adding carbon dioxide to a watery solution cause the pH to fall?
**the more CO2, the more H+ and lower pH** **little** change in [CO2] --\> **large** change in ventilation
50
Is the most important stimulus that controls the rate and depth of breathing the ECF concentration of oxygen, or the ECF concentration of carbon dioxide/ECF pH?
ECF concentration of carbon dioxide/ECF pH
51
pulmonary circulation
R ventricle --\> pul trunk (arteries 2) --\> pul capillaries/lungs --\> pul veins --\> L atrium
52
systemic circulation
L ventricle --\> aorta --\> systemic capillary beds in tissues --\> IVC/SVC --\> R atrium
53
electrical heart stimulation
SA node --\> AV node --\> AV bundle --\> purkinje fibers --\> ordinary cardiac m **\*after AV bundle, very fast\***
54
The concentration of what ion must increase inside a cardiac muscle cell for the cell to contract?
calcium
55
systole and diastole
* systole: period of ventricular contraction * isovol vent contraction + vent ejection * diastole: period of ventricular relaxation * isovol vent vent relaxation + vent filling
56
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
average pressure throughout cardiac cycle CO x TPR
57
two factors that **directly** influence cardiac output (CO)
**stroke volume and heart rate** increase SV, increase CO increase HR, increase CO
58
factors that directly influence HR (3)
increase symp activity decrease parasym activity increase plasma epinephrine
59
factors that directly influence SV (3)
increase end diastolic volume increase symp activity increase plasma epi
60
frank starling law of the heart
inc EDV (vent filling) --\> inc ventricular m stretching --\> more foreceful contraction --\> inc SV increase blood to veins, increase output of heart
61
what factors **directly** influences TPR (2)
length and radius of arterial tube viscosity of liquid (function of friction between flowing fluid molecules)
62
what factor controls blood viscosity (1)
**hematocrit** **(ratio of cells to plasma)** inc hematocrit --\> inc viscosity decrease amount of plasma --\> inc viscosity
63
what facors **directly** influence arteriolar radius (5)
sympathethic NO epi/ANP vasopression local control (dec O2, inc K, CO2, H)
64
what is the main factor determing vent filling and EDV
venous return
65
what are some factors that affect venous pressure/return (5)
inspiration skeletal muscle pump **blood volume** symp activity hormones
66
baroreceptor reflex components
1. receptors: arterial baroreceptors 2. afferent neurons 3. cardiovascular center in medulla 4. efferent neurons: symp and parasymp 5. effectors: arterioles, veins, heart symp --\> arterioles, veins, heart parasymp --\> heart
67
baroreceptor reflex function
control aterial blood pressure from **minute to minute** ## Footnote **NOT LONG TERM**
68
viewing near objects
**ciliary m contraction** (dec diameter) --\> become more **spherical** --\> see near objects **strong (rounded) lens**
69
viewing far objects
**ciliary m relaxation** --\> inc tension in suspensory ligaments --\> lens **flattens** --\> see distant objects **weak lens**
70
accomodation
adjustment by lens shape changes \*near objects = greater refraction to converge on retina\*

Comprehensive Exam (3 decks)

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