Physiology - lecture 3 & 4

Question 1

What is tidal volume? what is its average value?

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What is expiratory reserve volume? what is its average value?

Answer 2

a

Question 3

What is residual volume? what is its average value?

Answer 3

a

Question 4

what is inspiratory reserve volume? what is it average value?

Answer 4

a

Question 5

what is vital capacity? what is its average value?

Answer 5

a

Question 6

what does the word capacity refer to?

Answer 6

a

Question 7

what is total lung capacity?

Answer 7

a

Question 8

what is inspiratory capacity?

Answer 8

a

Question 9

what is functional residual capacity?

Answer 9

a

Question 10

what is FEV1?

Answer 10

a

Question 11

what is FEV1:FVC?

Answer 11

a

Question 12

what is anatomical dead space?

Answer 12

a

Question 13

what can functional residual capacity be reduced by?

Answer 13

a

Question 14

what does the term ventilation refer to?

Answer 14

a

Question 15

what are the 2 kinds of ventilation present? what are they measured in?

Answer 15

a

Question 16

How efficient is breathing?

Answer 16

a

Question 17

what has the biggest effect on how much air gets into the alveolar space?

Answer 17

a

Question 18

who has the highest pulmonary ventilation? ideal man, anxious patient, chilled out woman or all of them are the same?

Answer 18

a

Question 19

who has the highest alveolar ventilation? ideal man, anxious patient, chilled out woman or all of them are the same?

Answer 19

a

Question 20

how is total pulmonary ventilation measured?

Answer 20

a

Question 21

how do you measure how much air gets to the alveoli?

Answer 21

a

Question 22

how is alveolar ventilation measured?

Answer 22

a

Question 23

what is partial pressure and how do you work it out?

Answer 23

a

Question 24

what is partial pressure normally measured in?

Answer 24

a

Question 25

what does partial pressure increase with and why?

Answer 25

a

Question 26

what are elevated levels of CO2 in a patient normally due to?

Answer 26

a

Question 27

what can alveolar Po2 and Pco2 vary with?

Answer 27

a

Question 28

what happens during hyperventilation to Po2 and Pco2?

Answer 28

a

Question 29

what happens to Po2 and Pco2 during hyperventilation?

Answer 29

a

Question 30

what are the real life and ideal values for alveolar ventilation?

Answer 30

a

Question 31

why is alveolar ventilation lower in real life than the ideal value? (3)

Answer 31

a

Question 32

Define the various lung volumes and capacities and provide approximate normal values for them.

Answer 32

a

Question 33

Describe the difference between pulmonary and alveolar ventilation

Answer 33

a

Question 34

Know the normal values for alveolar and arterial gas partial pressures in different units

Answer 34

a

Question 35

State the role of pulmonary surfactant and the Law of Laplace

Answer 35

a

Question 36

Define the term compliance and factors that affect this

Answer 36

a

Question 37

Summarise the basic characteristics of obstructive and restrictive lung disease.

Answer 37

a

Question 38

Describe the tests used to identify abnormal lung function.

Answer 38

a

Question 39

Why do lungs have a natural tendency to recoil? what is this inwardly directed force overcome by?

Answer 39

a

Question 40

alveolar walls are made up of 2 types of cells. What are they and what ar their jobs?

Answer 40

a

Question 41

what is surfactant?

Answer 41

a

Question 42

what does surfactant do?

Answer 42

a

Question 43

where does surface tension occur?

Answer 43

a

Question 44

what does surface tension refer to?

Answer 44

a

Question 45

what force does surfactant overcome? how does it do this?

Answer 45

a

Question 46

what is air saturated by in the incomplete alveoli

Answer 46

a

Question 47

where is surfactant more effective small or big alveoli? why?

Answer 47

a

Question 48

which alveoli is pressure greater in?

Answer 48

a

Question 49

which alveoli would end up collapsing? what would this cause? what does surfactant do to overcome this?

Answer 49

a

Question 50

when does surfactant production start? end?

Answer 50

a

Question 51

what is surfactant production stimulated by? (hormones)

Answer 51

a

Question 52

what can premature babies suffer from?

Answer 52

a

Question 53

what fills the lungs in utero?

Answer 53

a

Question 54

why is it easier to inflate the lung in utero than in air?

Answer 54

a

Question 55

what do lungs lose as you get older?

Answer 55

a

Question 56

what is compliance?

Answer 56

a

Question 57

what doe high compliance mean?

Answer 57

a

Question 58

what does low compliance mean?

Answer 58

a

Question 59

which type of compliance is never good? why?

Answer 59

a

Question 60

what happens to the slope of lungs with a higher compliance?

Answer 60

a

Question 61

what 3 things need to be overcome during inspiration?

Answer 61

a

Question 62

how is the effort of inspiration usually recovered? why is this not the case for diseases like emphysema and fibrosis?

Answer 62

a

Question 63

when does transpulmonary pressure become neg? give an example.

Answer 63

a

Question 64

what do you need to decrease in order to get air into the lungs in fibrosis?

Answer 64

a

Question 65

at what part of the lung is the volume change greater for a given change in pressure?

Answer 65

a

Question 66

what are the things that decline from base to the apex? why?

Answer 66

a

Question 67

at the base, a small change in intercellular pressure brings about a .... than the apex

Answer 67

a

Question 68

what happens in obstructive lung disease? give an example of an obstructive disease

Answer 68

a

Question 69

what happens in restrictive lung disease? give an example of a restrictive disease

Answer 69

a

Question 70

what are the most common types of COPD?

Answer 70

a

Question 71

what is the prevalence of COPD?

Answer 71

a

Question 72

what is spirometry?

Answer 72

a

Question 73

what can measurements in spirometry be classed as? what do they both mean?

Answer 73

a

Question 74

which type of spirometry is more useful?

Answer 74

a

Question 75

what lung measurements can be directly measured by spirometry?

Answer 75

a

Question 76

what is FEV1? what is the average in a healthy male?

Answer 76

a

Question 77

what is FVC? what is the average in a healthy male?

Answer 77

a

Question 78

what is FEV1/FVC?

Answer 78

a

Question 79

what happens to "normal" absolute values with age? what happens to "normal" ratio with age?

Answer 79

a

Question 80

what happens in obstructive lung disease eg. COPD with a respect to FEV and FVC?

Answer 80

a

Question 81

what happens in restrictive lung disease eg. pulmonary fibrosis with a respect to FEV and FVC?

Answer 81

a

Question 82

what are the limitation of the FEV1/FVC ratio?

Answer 82

a

Question 83

what is forced expiratory flow (FEF25-75)?

Answer 83

a