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breathe > Physiology - lecture 1 > Flashcards

Physiology - lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange, acid base balance, protection from infection and communication via speech

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2
Q

How is it involved in gas exchange?

A

Add O2 to blood from air and removes CO2 from blood into air

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3
Q

How is it involved in acid base balance?

A

Maintains pH of extracellular fluid

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4
Q

How is it involved in protection from infection?

A

Upper respiratory tract is the first point of contact so pathogens can get in easily so it is lined with macrophages and lymphocytes to scan the air we breathe.

Mucus traps any particles and prevents it from going further in and damaging delicate parts of the tract like the alveoli

The cilia helps beat mucus up form the delicate tissue

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5
Q

How is it involved in communication via speech?

A

Air moves across vocal chords on expiration

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6
Q

Why is oxygen needed?

A

To produce energy (ATP) to power cells

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7
Q

How is oxygen used as energy?

A

oxygen is burned to release energy and produces Co2 as a waste product

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8
Q

What is the respiratory system responsible for?

A

Acquiring O2 and removing CO2

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9
Q

What is external respiration, what does it require and where does it occur?

A

Movement of gases between the air and body cells. It requires the Respiratory system and the CVS integrating. It takes place outside of cells.

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10
Q

what is systemic circulation?

A

Delivers O2 from blood to cells/tissue and moves Co2 from cells to blood. Arterial blood is rich in O2 and venous blood is rich in CO2

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11
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Delivers CO2 to lungs an picks up O2 from them. Pulmonary artery is the only artery in the body which carries deoxygenated blood and the pulmonary vein is the only one to carry oxygenated blood.
Only goes form heart to lungs and back again to heart

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12
Q

What does an inc energy demand of muscles lead to in the respiratory system?

A

An increase in rate and depth of breathing which speeds up:-
substrate (O2) acquisition
waste disposal (CO2)

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13
Q

What does an inc energy demand of muscles lead to in the cardiovascular system?

A

An increase in heart rate and force of contraction which speeds up:-
substrate delivery to muscle via the blood
waste removal via blood (CO2)

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14
Q

where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems?

A

Resp- alveoli

CVS - capillaries

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15
Q

What are the average volumes exchanged per minute for O2 and CO2?

A

O2 - 250ml (consumed)
CO2 - 200ml (produced)

this increases during exercise

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16
Q

What is the average breathing rate at 1) rest and 2) at maximum exercise for adults?

A

1) rest - 10-20 breaths per minute

2) exercise - 40-45

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17
Q

Which has less resistance to airflow mouth or nose?

A

Mouth

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18
Q

Why is the nose the preferred way of breathing? (rather than mouth)

A

mouth is uncomfortable as mouth begins to go very dry
Nose warms and moisten up the air which helps maintain core body temperature without causing the body to work harder and also prevents cold air from hitting he lungs

19
Q

What is contained in the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, tongue, vocal chords,oesophagus and larynx

20
Q

What is in the lower respiratory tract?

A

trachea, left lung, left bronchus, right lung, right bronchus and diaphragm

21
Q

How do the left and right bronchi compare in shape?

A

The right main bronchus s more vertical as well as wider than the left - causes foreign bodies to be lodged there as it has least resistance

22
Q

What is patency?

A

Airways are open and unobstructed

23
Q

How is potency maintained?

A

C-shaped rings of cartilage in the semi-rigid tubes

24
Q

How is potency maintained in the bronchiole as it has no cartilage?

A

By physical forces in the thorax

25
Q

where does the most resistance to airflow occur in the airways? Give a reason

A

trachea to the bronchi - many more molecules jostling for space

26
Q

How can airways diameter and therefore resistance to airflow be altered?

A

Activity of bronchial smooth muscle :-
Contraction decreases diameter = increase resistance
Relaxation inc diameter = dec resistance

27
Q

Why are alveoli covered in elastic fibres?

A

Elastic Fibres - breathing in stretches them so in makes expiration a passive process

28
Q

What are capillaries in direct contact with?

A

type 1 cells - to allow for easier gas exchange

29
Q

What do type 2 cells produce and what is it used for?

A

Surfactant - helps make the work of breathing easier

30
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

air that cannot participate in gas exchange - air present in anywhere in the airways that isn’t the alveoli

31
Q

What is the surface area of the alveoli for?

A

To enhance gas exchange

32
Q

What is the respiratory tract line with?

A

epithelium, glands, lymph nodes, blood vessels (nutritive), cilia and mucus

33
Q

What is the job of the cilia?

A

Beats muscus back up form alveoli

34
Q

How does the lining change as it progresses from the nose to the alveoli?

A 
epithelium becomes more squamous 
goblet cells (mucus producing) are lost
Cilia lost (last things to be lost as needed to beat the mucus up)
35
Q

What are the jobs of the mucus?

A

Maintains humidity, moistens air, traps particles, provides large surface area for cilia to act on

36
Q

Characteristics of alveoli

A

Thin walls, site of gaseous exchange, (has pneumocytes and very rich capillary network), elastic fibres - recoil

37
Q

Type 1 pneumocyte characteristics?

A

mostly alveolar surface
simple squamous epithelium
used in gas exchange

38
Q

Type 2 pneumocyte characteristics?

A

produces surfactant
produces phospholipids and protein
reduces surface tension at alveolar surface
reduces work of breathing

39
Q

Describe the main anatomical features of the airways and gross anatomical features of the lung

A

a

40
Q

Identify the different classes of airways and pneumocytes

A

a

41
Q

List the functions of the respiratory system

A

a

42
Q

Know the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation

A

a

43
Q

Identify points of gas exchange between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems

A

a

breathe (4 decks)

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