physiology- Lopez

Question 1

21b enzyme def presentation

Answer 1

most common
salt wasting
precocious puberty
virilizsation

Question 2

main binding proteins of thyroid hormones

Answer 2

TBG (made in liver)

transthyretin

albumin

Question 3

short term actions on bone of PTH

Answer 3

bone formation via direct action on osteoblasts

Question 4

PTH on kidney and urinary cAMP

Answer 4

increases urinary cAMP

Question 5

inhibitory or stimulatory factor of insulin secretion?

diazoxide

Answer 5

inhibitory

Question 6

only time phosphate and calcium increase or decrease together is when and is it increase or decrease

Answer 6

Vitamin D deficiency

both decrease

Question 7

inhibitory or stimulatory factor of insulin secretion?

cortisol

Answer 7

stimulatory

Question 8

what enzyme converts cholesterol to pregnenoone

Answer 8

cholesterol desmolase

Question 9

11b enzyme def presentation

Answer 9

virilization

Question 10

TRH works on what pituitary target

Answer 10

thryotrophs–> TSH

lactotrophs–> prolcatin

Question 11

cAMP in urin in vit D def

Answer 11

increased in urine

Question 12

pseudohypoparathyroidism phenotype

Answer 12

short stature
short neck
obesity
subcut calcification
short metatarsals and metacarpals

Question 13

pseudohypoparathyroidism

PTH/Ca2+/Pi/Vitamin D

Answer 13

PTH = increased
Ca2+ = decreased
Pi = increased
vitamin D = decreased

Question 14

inhibitory or stimulatory factor of insulin secretion?

exercise

Answer 14

inhibitory

Question 15

prolactinoma associated with what

mechanism?

Answer 15

hypogonadism and galactorrhea

-prolacting inhibits secretion of LH and FSH by directly inhibiting hypothalamus release of GnRH

Question 16

inhibitory or stimulatory factor of insulin secretion?

glucagon

Answer 16

stimulatory

Question 17

vitamin D on ca2+ and Pi in intestine

Answer 17

increase absorption of both by increaseing calbindin expression

Question 18

effect of glucagon on blood level of glucose, FAs, and ketoacids

Answer 18

all increased

Question 19

pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a

exogenous PTH and cAMP (urinary)

Answer 19

defective Gs in bone and kidney
AD disorder
exognenous PTH does not increase urinary cAMP

Question 20

vitamin D on bone

Answer 20

sensitizes osteoblasts to PTH

regulates osteoid production and calcification

Question 21

secondary hyperparathyroidism and cause

Answer 21

increased PTH due to low calcium in blood

renal failure
vitamin D deficiency

Question 22

where does T4 and T3 negatively feedback on

Answer 22

anterior pituitary only

Question 23

2 principal nuceli innervate the posterior lobe

Answer 23

supraoptic and paraventricular

Question 24

what cytokines released from osteoblasts stimulate osteoclasts

Answer 24

IL-6
RANK ligand
m-CSF to make osteoclast precursors

Question 25

vitamin D on kidney

Answer 25

promotes Pi reabsorption by proximal nephrons (stimulates NPT2a expression)

Question 26

where in kidney is calcium reabsorbed from stimulation of PTH -where is Pi reabsorption inhibited

Answer 26

TAL and distal tubule proximal nephrons (repress NPT2a)

Question 27

negative feedback of cortisol works where

Answer 27

hypthalamus-->no CRH AP-->no ACTH

Question 28

secondary adrenal insufficiency from what and levels of CRH,ACTH,cortisol

Answer 28

exogenous glucocorticoid drugs all levels decreased

Question 29

inhibitory or stimulatory factor of insulin secretion? | GIP

Answer 29

stimulatory

Question 30

inhibitory or stimulatory factor of insulin secretion? | obesity

Answer 30

stimulatory

Question 31

presentation of 17a hydroxylase deficiency

Answer 31

ambiguous genitalia undescended testes lack of 2ndary sex development

Question 32

sodium below what in SIADH causes what symptoms

Answer 32

120 | hyponatermic encephaolapthy

Question 33

the connections between the hypothalamus and the anterior lobe are

Answer 33

neural and endocrine

Question 34

rickets type 1 cause

Answer 34

decreased 1a-hydroxylase

Question 35

pituitary failure of FSH/LH

Answer 35

infertility hypogonadism reduced sperm menstrual irregularity

Question 36

what increases the activity of the enzyme that creates active vitamin D and what is the enzyme and where is this done

Answer 36

decreased calcium increased PTH decreased phosphate enzyme is 1a hydroxylase (CYP1a) and converts 25 OH cholecalciferol to 1,25 oh-cholecalciferol renal proximal tuibule

Question 37

causes of nephrogenic DI

Answer 37

lithium polycystic kidney diseaes sickle cell anemia

Question 38

long term action on bone of PTH

Answer 38

bone resoprtion, indirect from action on osteoblasts which secrete cytokines to activate osteoclasts

Question 39

inhibitory or stimulatory factor of insulin secretion? | vagal stimulation; Ach

Answer 39

stimulatory

Question 40

associated conditions with DM1

Answer 40

autoimmune thyroid disese celiac disease addison's diseaes

Question 41

in pts with primary hyperparathyroidsm they excrete excessive amounts of

Answer 41

pi, cAMP, Ca2+

Question 42

inhibitory or stimulatory factor of insulin secretion? | a adrenergic agonists

Answer 42

inhibitory

Question 43

associated conditions with DM2

Answer 43

obesity lipid abnormalities PCOS NAFLD

Question 44

effect of increased vitamin D (1,25) and increased calcium pathway on pth

Answer 44

increased calcium sensed by CaSR which is Gq signaling to inhibit PTH and increase CaSR gene Vitamin D does same through intracellular receptor

Question 45

supraoptic nuclei neurons

Answer 45

ADH

Question 46

the connections between the hypothalamus and posterior lone are

Answer 46

neural

Question 47

paraventricular nuclei neurons

Answer 47

oxytocin

Question 48

rickets type II cause

Answer 48

decreased vitamin D receptor

Question 49

familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia | PTH/serum calcium/urine calcium/ Pi/ vitamin D

Answer 49

this is defect in CaSR AD ``` PTH = N/increased serum calcium = increased urine calcium = decrased Pi = N vitamin D = N ```