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ENT > Physiology of Hearing > Flashcards

Physiology of Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the external ear?

A

receives sound

channels sound to tympanic membrane

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2
Q

What is the structure of the middle ear?

A

air filled cavity in temporal bone

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3
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

amplifies sound waves and transmits them to fluid filled inner ear

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4
Q

Where are the ossicles located?

A

middle ear

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5
Q

What is the function of the ossicles?

A

conduct sound vibrations from tympanic membrane to oval window

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6
Q

What is impedance?

A

a mediums resistance to movement

pressure waves when in relation to sound

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7
Q

What is impedance matching?

A

amplification of pressure so that there is sufficient energy to move through fluid

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8
Q

When does impedance matching occur?

A

transfer of incoming vibration from the comparatively large, low impedance tympanic membrane to the much smaller high impedance oval window

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9
Q

What is the importance of impedance matching?

A

prevents sound loss

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10
Q

What are the oval and round windows?

A

two openings of the cochlea to the middle ear

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11
Q

What is the function of the oval and round windows?

A

permit transmission of pressure wave in enclosed canal and vibration of the basilar membrane

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12
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

part of the auditory system of the inner ear

shell shaped part of the bony labyrinth

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13
Q

What is the scala media?

A

endolymph filled cavity inside the cochlea between the tympanic duct and the vestibular duct

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14
Q

What is the ionic composition of endolymph?

A

high potassium concentration
low sodium concentration
negligible calcium

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15
Q

Where is perilymph located?

A

fills the scala vestibuli and tympani

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16
Q

What is the ionic composition of perilymph?

A

high sodium concentration

low potassium and calcium concentration

17
Q

Where does scala vestibuli begin?

A

oval window

18
Q

Where does scala tympani end?

A

round windows

19
Q

What is the advantage of endolymph having a high potassium concentration and perilymph having a low potassium concentration?

A

only apical end of hair cells in endolymph
passive potassium influx at apical end
passive potassium efflux at other end
saves ATP

20
Q

What is the organ of Corti?

A

sensorineural organ of the cochlea

21
Q

What is the organ of Corti composed of?

A

supporting cells
basilar membrane
cochlear hair cells

22
Q

What is transduction?

A

conversion of sound vibrations (mechanical energy) to electrical energy

23
Q

How does transduction occur in the organ of corti?

A

sound waves delivered to the oval window are transmitted to the perilymph and vibrate the basilar membrane
cilia of the cochlear cells are bent by the vibration of the basilar membrane

24
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the afferent fibres from the organ of Corti?

A

spiral ganglion of the cochlear nerve

25
Q

What is the auditory pathway?

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) - cochlear nuclei - superior olivary cortex - lateral lemniscus - inferior colliculus - thalamus - primary auditory cortex

26
Q

What is the pneumonic to remember the auditory pathway?

A 
ECOLI 
E - Eighth CN 
C - Cochlear nuclei 
O - superior Olivary complex 
L - Lateral Lemniscus 
I - Inferior colliculus
27
Q

Where is the auditory cortex located?

A

superior temporal gyrus

28
Q

What connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

A

eustachian tube

29
Q

What is the role of the eustachian tube?

A

opens briefly during swallowing and yawning to allow equalisation of pressure either side of the tympanic membrane

30
Q

What muscles open the eustachian tube?

A

tensor veli palatini

levator palatine

ENT (21 decks)

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