Physiology of physical activity, health and wellbeing

Question 1

What is homeostasis?

Answer 1

condition of balance in the bodys internal enviro due to constant interaction of the bodys many regulatory processes

Question 2

What is homeostasis imbalance?

Answer 2

disturbance of homeostasis which is why many diseases are caused

Question 3

What was the hypotheses for the Harvard Alumni health study?

Answer 3

low level of physical activity can lead to homeostasis imbalance increasing the risk of diseases and premature death

Question 4

What was the aim of the Harvard alumni health study?

Answer 4

have scientific evidence between the link of physical activity and mortality

Question 5

What was the harvard alumni health study?

Answer 5

16,936 men 35-74 yrs follow up 12-16yrs

Question 6

What did the results of the harvard alumni health study show?

Answer 6

inverse dose response relationship

those who expend more than 2000 cal a week lower death rate by 25-33%

Question 7

What were the limitations of the harvard alumni health study? (physical activity and mortality)

Answer 7

used self report methods- questionnaires

rely on ppts

Question 8

What is physical activity?

Answer 8

bodily movement that is produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle increases in energy expenditure

Question 9

What is physical fitness?

Answer 9

set of attributes that people have to achieve that relate to the ability to perform muscular work satisfactorily

Question 10

What is health related fitness?

Answer 10

components of fitness that benefits from physically active lifestyle and relate to health

Question 11

How is physical fitness measured?

Answer 11

objectively

Question 12

What is cardiorespiratory endurance?

Answer 12

ability of the circulatory an respiratory system to supply o2 during sustained physical activity

Question 13

What is body composition?

Answer 13

relative amounts of muscle, fat, bone etc

Question 14

What is muscular strength?

Answer 14

ability of muscle to exert force

Question 15

What is muscular endurance?

Answer 15

ability of muscle to continue to perform without fatigue

Question 16

What is flexibility?

Answer 16

range of motion available at a joint

Question 17

What study was used to look at the relationship between physical fitness and mortality?

Answer 17

aerobics centre longitudinal study

Question 18

Describe the aerobics centre longitudinal study?

Answer 18

10,224 men
3,120 women
max treadmill exercise looking at cardiorespiratory exercise
8yr follow up
243 men deaths x3RR
43 woman deaths X4RR
this was used to calculate relative risk of death

Question 19

What is CVD?

Answer 19

pathologies of the heart, blood, vessels and the vascular system of the brain, 1/3 deaths

Question 20

What is coronary heart disease known as?

Answer 20

atherosclerosis

Question 21

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 21

progressive narrowing of arteries due to build up of plaque/ atheroma

Question 22

What are the risks of CHD?

Answer 22

myocardial infarction- heart attack due to ischemia (not enough o2 delivered

chronic heart disease- heart cant contract powerfully due to plaque, decrease in CO, left ventricle cant pus out enough blood

Question 23

What symptoms does chronic heart disease provoke?

Answer 23

dizziness
tired
cant got through diastolic phase properly

Question 24

Describe the 2 types of stroke?

Answer 24

hemorrhagic- rupture of vessel, leakage of blood

ischemic- plaque build up or blood clot, stop flow of blood in brain

Question 25

What happens when someone has a stroke?

Answer 25

brain starved of o2 and becomes ischemic which means cells become damaged 110,000 ppl have a stroke a year in England

Question 26

What are the symptoms of a a stroke?

Answer 26

``` FAST face fallen arms- cant lift both up speech slurred time- 999 ```

Question 27

What are the benefits of PA, (risk)?

Answer 27

``` reduced risk of mortality cvd obesity type 2 cancer anxiety risk of falls ```

Question 28

What are the benefits of PA, (function)?

Answer 28

``` improves function of sleep endocrine metabolic sleep self esteem quality of life ```

Question 29

What is epidemiology?

Answer 29

study of disease occurrence in a human population

Question 30

Describe the 2 studies created by morris that show epidemiological evidence?

Answer 30

bus drivers twice likely to suffer MI than conductors civil servants leisure activities 8 yr period those engaging in activity equivalent to brisk walking 50% lower risk of CHD studies reconfirmed over decades

Question 31

Explain how lipoproteins are a risk factor for CVD?

Answer 31

high density lipoprotein cholesterol- plaque degradation- good for you exercise increases protective high density lipoprotein cholesterol

Question 32

Explain how hypertension is a risk factor to CVD?

Answer 32

``` blood pressure normal- 120/180mmHg hypertension- 140/190 pressure on wall accounts or 50% of ischemic strokes ``` industrialised countries become hypertensive and with increase in age

Question 33

What study did Nelson do relating to blood pressure?

Answer 33

endurance exercise reduces blood pressure 13 untreated hypertensive patients 45min cycle or walk for 4 weeks bp decreased overtime

Question 34

How does BMI related to CVD?

Answer 34

those with CVD usually have a high BMI/ obese

Question 35

How is BMI measured?

Answer 35

weight/ height kg/m2 normal between 22-25 those who are over weight or underweight have increased risk of mortality

Question 36

What study was used to compare lifestyle factors and CVD?

Answer 36

nurses health study

Question 37

Describe the nurses health study?

Answer 37

``` 84,129 women 14 yr follow up reported low risk factors healthy diet non smoking regular exercise BMI- less than 25 moderate alch consumption- 5g a day if all had healthy lifestyles 82% of coronary events could have been prevented ```

Question 38

When were the recent UK physical activity guidelines published?

Answer 38

2019, specific guidelines for different age groups

Question 39

What are the UK physical activity guidelines for adults 19-64 years?

Answer 39

aim physically active everyday even a little is good, more is better maintain strength major muscle groups- through heavy gardening, carry heavy shopping minimise time spent in sedentary break up long periods of inactivity with PA even if its light

Question 40

How often should muscle strengthening exercises be done for adults?

Answer 40

twice a week

Question 41

What are the guidelines for adults for physical activity?

Answer 41

``` 150 mod intensity per week 30min x 5 a week or 75 mins vigorous shorter durations very vigorous or combination 60% dog owners walk dogs for 160mins per week ```