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Ear > Physiology of the Auditory System > Flashcards

Physiology of the Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

Number of cycles per second (Name and Unit of Measurement)

A

Frequency * Hertz (Hz)

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2
Q

Inverse of frequency, duration of a single cycle

A

Period

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3
Q

Maximum amount of displacement from the null point in one direction

A

Amplitude

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4
Q

Sound produced by simple harmonic motion

A

Pure tone

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5
Q

T or F: Sound travels faster in air.

A

F * Dry Air: 340m/sec, Water: 1500m/sec

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6
Q

Vibration that is not simple harmonic motion

A

Complex vibration

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7
Q

Complex vibration with repetitive periodic pattern

A

Tone

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8
Q

Complex vibration with no repetitivr pattern

A

Noise

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9
Q

Amount of force that vibrating sound particles exert on a surface area (Name and measure)

A

Sound pressure * Pascals (Pa), also equals the square root of intensity

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10
Q

Intensity is measured in____?

A

Decibels (dB)

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11
Q

Frequency where stiffness and mass components of acoustic impedance cancel each other out

A

Resonance frequency

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12
Q

Resonant frequency of 1) concha, 2) EAC

A

1) 5300 Hz, 2) 3000 Hz

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13
Q

Sound coming from one side is attenuated by the head as it travels to the contralateral ear

A

Head shadow effect

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14
Q

Important for low frequency sound localization

A

Interaural TIME difference

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15
Q

Important for high frequency sound localization

A

Interaural AMPLITUDE difference

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16
Q

Identify this pathway to sound transmission: sound goes to the inner ear in the absence of the ossicular system

A

Acoustic coupling

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17
Q

Identify this pathway to sound transmission: Malleus is coupled to the TM. Vibration of the TM causes entire ossicular chain to vibrate. Sound is transmitted to the inner ear via the stapes footplate.

A

Ossicular coupling

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18
Q

Name the 2 mobile joints of the ossicular chain and their types.

A

Incudomalleal, Incudostapedial * Synovial joints are also called Diarthrotic joints

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19
Q

Difference between ossicular coupling and acoustic coupling in Db

A

60 dB * Maximal amount of hearing loss in ossicular diacontinuity

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20
Q

This term denotes maximizing sound transfer

A

Impedance matching

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21
Q

Most important factor in middle ear’s impedance matching capability

A

Area ratio (26 dB)

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22
Q

Second mechanism for impedance matching due to the manubrium being slightly longer manubrium than long arm of incus - - a slight force on the manubrium (long arm of lever) results in a greater force in the long process of the incus (short arm of lever)

A

Lever ratio (2.3 dB)

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23
Q

1) Theoretical 2) Actual middle ear sound pressure gain

A

1) 28dB, 2) 20dB * Actual gain is lower because the TM does not move as a rigid diaphragm, it vibrates in a complex manner. The effective area of TM involved with impedance matching is smaller than the total area

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24
Q

Impediment to movement, ratio of acoustic pressure to the volume velocity generated by acoustic pressure

A

Impedance * Increased in fluid vs. Air

25
Q

Frequency where stiffness and mass components of acoustic impedance cancel each other out

A

System is in resonance

26
Q

Flask shaped, 3000 in number, arranged in a single row

A

Inner HC

27
Q

Cylindrical, 12000 in number, arranged in 3-4 rows

A

Outer HC

28
Q

This part is affected by movement of stapes on oval window (Scala?)

A

Vestibuli

29
Q

Basilar membrane is ____ stiff near the base and is more sensitive to _____ pitch

A

More, high

30
Q

Basilar membrane is ____ stiff near the apex and is more sensitive to _____ pitch

A

Less, lower

31
Q

This phenomenon involves shunting of acoustic energy away from the cochlea, leading to decreased sensitivity to AC sound and airbone gap seen on audiometry

A

Third window * Sup SCC syndrome, enlarged vestibular aqueduct, inner ear malformation

32
Q

Stereocilia deflected towards tallest row leads to

A

Depolarization

33
Q

Stereocilia deflected away tallest row leads to

A

Hyperpolarization

34
Q

OHC contracts during

A

Depolarization

35
Q

OHC elongates during

A

Hyperpolarization

36
Q

Also known as cochlear amplifier

A

OHC

37
Q

Bipolar, large, myelinated, 95%, synapses with SINGLE IHC

A

Type I spiral ganglion cells

38
Q

Smaller, un or myelinated, 5%, synapses with MULTIPLE OHC

A

Type II spiral ganglion cells

39
Q

High spontaneous neurons are best for these types of sounds

A

Low level sounds due to low threshold

40
Q

Low spontaneous neurons are best for these types of sounds

A

High level sounds due to their wide dynamic range

41
Q

First relay station for all ascending auditory information

A

Cochlear nucleus * In the pontomedullary junction

42
Q

Fiber tracts that project contralaterally to the inferior colliculus

A

Lateral lemniscus

43
Q

Relay station for binaural hearing

A

Superior Olivary Complex * Pons

44
Q

Area with important role in sound localization by determination of interaural time and amplitude difference

A

Superior Olivary Complex

45
Q

Ability to increase signal to noise ratio in binaural hearing

A

Binaural squelch

46
Q

Ability to receive sound signals in greater amplitude in binaural hearing

A

Summation

47
Q

Integrates information from auditory and nonauditory sources, also receives info on interaural time and amplitude differences, sends fibers to thr medial geniculate body of the thalamus

A

Inferior colliculus

48
Q

Involved in sound localization and processing of complex vocal communication

A

Medial geniculate body

49
Q

Division of the medial geniculate body that projects to the 1) primary 2) secondary auditory cortex

A

1) ventral 2) dorsal

50
Q

Broadmann area of 1) primary auditory cortex, 2) auditory association area, 3) Wernicke area

A

1) 41, 2) 42, 3) 22

51
Q

Speech _______: 1) Wernicke, 2) Broca

A

1) reception, 2) production

52
Q

Other areas of the brain receiving auditory information (2)

A

Amygdala, Limbic System

53
Q

Stapedius reflex pathway Cochlea to Stapes (7)

A

Cochlea, Cochlear Auditory nerve, Cochlear Nuclei, Stapedius Motoneurons, Facial Nerve, Stapedius, Posterior neck of stapes capitulum

54
Q

Primary sound evoked middle ear muscle

A

Stapedius * Tensor tympani plays a minor role

55
Q

Startle reaction is associated with this middle ear muscle

A

Tensor tympani

56
Q

1)Location, 2)Attachment, 3)Innervation of Tensor Tympani

A

Above ET, neck of manubrium, V3

57
Q

Olivocochlear pathway that innervates 1)OHC, 2) IHC

A

1)Medial Low freq sound, 2)Lateral high frequency sound (unclear role)

58
Q

This pathway decreases cochlear responses by decreasing the gain by hyperpolarization of the OHC (protect ears from acoustic trauma), also decreases auditory responses to the background noise

A

Medial Olivocochlear Complex Pathway

Ear (6 decks)

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