Physiology Of The newborn Flashcards
(35 cards)
Who is a new born?
“A live baby born either normal or as high risk irrespective of gestational age”
Categories of newborns
1.Based on Gestational Age(GA)
Preterm ____ completed weeks GA
Term ________ completed weeks GA
Post term- ______ weeks GA and above
<37
37 - 41
42
Categories of newborns
Based on Birth Weight
Normal birth weight (_________ and above) Low birth weight (less than _________)
2500g
2500g
The fetus has a recognizable human form by the ———- week of development.
The vital organs are not sufficiently developed to sustain life outside the uterus until the ___________ month. While in the womb, the fetus is especially susceptible to the effects of ________,__________, and ____________ .
12th
seventh
drugs ; alcohol ; X rays
Physiological adaptations
About ______% of newly born babies make the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life without difficulty
Approximately _____% will require some assistance to begin breathing at birth
About _____% will need extensive resuscitative measures to survive
90%
10%
1%
Fetal circulation
Fetal circulation= dependency circulation with the fetal lungs mostly ____________ (only _____% blood) due to increased resistance by __________________ blood vessels.
bypassed; 10
constricted alveolar
Presence of 3 shunts in fetal circulation:
Patent __________
Patent _____________
Patent _________________
ductus venosus
foramen ovale
ductus arteriosus
At birth
Newborn no longer connected to placenta..hence will depend on the ________ as the only source of oxygen
Baby cries and takes first breath, …. and more breaths….
The ______ taken displaces the _______ in the lungs
With the air the constricted pulm vessels _________ and _________ in the lungs decrease–flow
Blood flow through the _________ subsequently reduces
lungs ; air ; fluid
relax ; resistance
ductus arteriosus
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
FETAL LUNGS
Filled with respiratory _________
Metabolic functions; Production of _________
Occasional _________
Fluid
surfactant
gasps
Normal transition
No ___________
Breathing/crying
Good muscle tone
Heart rate >_______
______ color
Term
No meconium
100
Pink
Thermoregulation; Anatomic factors
______ surface area
_______ adipose tissue
_______ epidermis
______ humidity and ______ current
Presence of ________ on neonates body
Ambient temp. at birth ______ than intrauterine environment
Large
Less
Thin; low; fast air
fluid; cooler
Thermoregulation : Environmental factors
List 4
Evaporation
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Newborn responses to temp
Hypothermia
Vaso__________
Increased________
Increased _____________
____________ thermogenesis
constriction
Metabolic Rate
Muscular activity
Non shivering
New born responses to temp
Hyperthermia
Vaso__________
Increased ________
Increased __________
dilation
O2 consumption
water loss
IMMUNOLOGIC ADAPTATIONS
Immunoglobins –
20th
crosses placenta; does not cross placenta
Vernix caseosa, skin & mucus membrane
Immunological adaptations
WBC has _____ capacity to produce antibodies with reduced phagocytic activity, therefore newborn is _______ susceptible to infections
RE system – Produces __________,_________,____________, and _____________.
less
more
neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils & lymphocytes
HAEMATOLOGIC SYSTEM
Blood formation as early as _______ wk after conception
(Low or High?) rbc mass
At birth, _____ Hb due to __________~____g/dl.
Starts to drop on the _______ day of life until a minimum of ____-____g/dl on the ________ month of life – PHYSIOLOGIC ANAEMIA
3rd wk ; High
high ; relative hypoxia
20g/dl. ; 3rd
10-12g/dl ; 2nd-3rd month
Hematological system in new horns
PHYSIOLOGIC ANAEMIA - a result of the following:
_____ease in bone marrow activity
______ease in rate of hemolysis
______________ due to rapid expansion of blood volume
Normal blood volume ranging about _______ml/kg
WBC count-_______-_______ /mm3 with ____________
Decrease
Increases
Hemodilution
80
10,000-30,000; PMN
Renal adaptations
Structurally __________ , functionally __________
_______ voiding (_____x dly) for __________ days
Inability to __________ urine leading to susceptible to __________, __________, __________
mature ; immature; Frequent
7-10x ; 15 – 20 days
concentrate ;dehydration
acidosis ; electrolyte imbalance
Renal adaptations
Urine – Specific Gr ________ , _____ colour, ______ smell till ________ months
Total volume – ________ ml/ 24 hrs (________ ml /Kg per 24 hrs).
Physiologic weight loss of ~_____% of birth weight by ________ week due mainly to postnatal ________, also passage of ________, reduced calories.
1.000 ; no colour ; no smell ; 2 – 3
200 – 300ml
15 to 30 ml
10%
diuresis ; meconium
Central nervous system
(Slow or Rapid?) growth brain with peak near birth
Newborn’s brain – _____% of adult size.
Incomplete ____________ of nerve fibres.
_______________ disappear when nervous system develops.
________ and ____________ co-ordinate vital respiratory & cardiac functions
Rapid ; 25%
myelination ; Primitive reflexes
ANS ; Brainstem
Sensory adaptation
Vision :
immature
immature
Poor; hypermetropia
present ; present
Sensory Adaptation
Tear glands :
2 – 4 weeks
loud noise ; startle
Can
MUSCULO-SKELETAL ADAPTATIONS
Bones – ________ continues
Nose – Mostly _________. Frequently _________
Skull bones – (soft or hard?) bones with open sutures
Sinuses – (completely or incompletely?) formed
Muscular system (completely or incompletely?) formed – Grows in size
Ossification ; cartilaginous
flattened; soft
incompletely ; completely
