Principle 1

Question 1

Clostridium tetani

A (motile or immotile?)
gram-(positive or negative?)
(spore or Non-spore ?) -forming
(Encapsulated or nonencapsulated?)
(Invasive or non-invasive?)
(obligate or facultative?) (aerobe or anaerobe?)

Answer 1

motile
positive
spore
nonencapsulated
non-invasive
obligate
Anaerobe

Question 2

____________ is the second most poisonous substance known, surpassed in potency only by __________ toxin

Answer 2

Tetanospasmin

botulinum

Question 3

trismus (caused by _______ muscle spasm)

Risus sardonicus (spasm of _______ muscles)

Answer 3

masseter

facial

Question 4

Perinatal Period: period from ________________ to _________ after delivery

Answer 4

age of viability

7 days

Question 5

Small for gestational age (SGA)
A Small for GA is a baby whose ______ is less than the ____________ for GA or
- The BW is more than ________ standard deviations below the mean for GA

Answer 5

BW; 10th percentile

2

Question 6

Difference between symmetric and Asymmetric IUGR?

Symmetry
Onset
Frequency

Answer 6

Reduction in fetal head circumference, length and weight ; Reduction in fetal weight, with relatively Normal length and head circumference

Onset is early in fetal development; Onset is late in fetal development

Less common; more common

Question 8

Treatment in Neonatal tetanus

Management of autonomic dysfunction: only IV __________ is currently recommended as other B-blockers can cause ________ and sudden death

Answer 8

esmolol

hypotension

Question 9

In tetanus, natural infection confers immunity

T/F

Answer 9

F

It doesn’t

Question 10

FEEDING

Late preterms : are fed by _________ or ___________

Early preterms : are fed by _________ or _____________

• For VLBW babies, feeding may be initiated with ______________ , then to ______________ to ______________

Answer 10

bottle or directly at the breast

bottle or gavage feeding

buccal colostrum; trophic feeding

graded enteral feeding

Question 11

Prevent or Treat the Following:
-Hemorrhagic disease of newborn:_____________ , 0.5mg stat. (1mg in terms)

-Apnea of prematurity:______________ 6 mg/kg stat. then 1 mg/kg 12 hrly

Answer 11

IM Vitamin K

IV aminophylline

Question 12

Baby can be nursed out of incubator, in a cot, after achieving weight >____g

Kangaroo mother care should be continued until weight is ≥________g

Answer 12

1500

2000

Question 13

Infective Endocarditis: organisms

_____________ or Serratia marcescens is seen more frequently in IV drug users

_________ organisms are encountered after open heart surgery

Coagulase-negative staphylococci are common in the presence of ______________________________

Answer 13

P. aeruginosa

Fungal

an indwelling central venous catheter

Question 14

RESOMAL vs ORS

solute constituents:
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Citrate
Magnesium
Zinc
Copper
Glucose

Answer 14

Less ; more
More; less
Less;more
Less;more
More; nil
More; nil
More; nil
More; less

Question 15

Refeeding Syndrome (RS)
- This may follow ________________________ of an undernourished child
- It is characterized by _____kalemia, ______[phosphatemia, and _________magnesemia which
follows ____________ from excessive _____________ administration

Answer 15

overzealous nutritional rehabilitation

hypo; hypo; hypo

hyperinsulinemia ; carbohydrates

Question 16

The hallmark of Re-feeding syndrome is _______ ________________ which follows cellular uptake of phosphate during the ______ wk of nutritional rehabilitation

Answer 16

severe hypophosphatemia

1st

Question 17

Poor PEM Treatment Practice

•Use of _________ to treat edema •Inappropriate use of _____ route
•Not restricting __________
• Starting ______ too early
•Ineffective nursing and general supportive care

Answer 17

diuretics

IV; sodium intake

iron

Question 18

Transmission of tuberculosis :

usually by inhalation of infected mucus droplet nuclei or ______________________

Rarely, transmission can be through penetration of the ______ or ________ , the _________ or the ____________

Answer 18

ingestion of contaminated milk or meat

skin; mucosa; genitalia; placenta

Question 19

__________ and __________________ are mucocutaneous manifestations of primary TB, which result from hypersensitivity reaction to the tuberculin protein

Answer 19

erythema nodosum and phlyctenular conjunctivitis

Question 20

The most common pulmonary sites of reactivation of tuberculosis are the ____________ focus, ________ , or the ________ seedings (______________), established during the hematogenous phase of the early infection

Answer 20

original parenchymal

lymph nodes

apical ; Simon foci

Question 21

________________ is always present in primary TB on X-RAY

Answer 21

Hilar and/or Paratracheal lymphadenopathy

Question 22

Choroid tubercles, __________ lesions with indistinct borders in the __________ pole of the eye, are a significant, though often overlooked, sign of _________ __________ (_______ __________) and can be an early indicator for diagnosis and treatment

Answer 22

yellowish ; posterior

disseminated tuberculosis

miliary tuberculosis

Question 23

most serious complication of childhood tuberculosis is ???

Answer 23

Tuberculous meningitis

Question 25

What is Scrofula?

Answer 25

Tuberculosis of Superficial Lymph Nodes

Question 26

__________ is the most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in children

Answer 26

Scrofula

Question 27

The _________ is the most commonly affected bone in childhood tuberculosis

Answer 27

spine

Question 28

Gibbus: is a ______________ on the back resulting from _________________ collapse of one or more destroyed vertebral _______(s) It typically involves the _________________ and _________________ vertebrae

Answer 28

sharp angulation ; anterior wedge body ; lower thoracic upper lumbar

Question 29

_______ is the recommended TB test in patient > 5 yr

Answer 29

IGRAs

Question 30

Gene Xpert MTB/RIF Full meaning

Answer 30

Mycobacterium Rifampicin

Question 31

In asthma, Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) is __________

Answer 31

Reduced

Question 32

__________ lung function test is useful in home monitoring of asthma

Answer 32

Peak expiratory flow rate

Question 33

Spirometry: confirms airflow limitation; usually feasible ni children ______ yr of age

Answer 33

>6

Question 34

Lung function tests ______, and _______ are reduced in asthma

Answer 34

FEV1; FEV1/FVC

Question 35

FEV,/FVC <_______ indicates significant airflow obstruction

Answer 35

0.80

Question 36

Reversibility of airflow limitation, demonstrated by administering _________ _________-acting Beta agonist (e.g. _________), which increases FEV1, by _____% or ____ mL after ______ , is • consistent with asthma.

Answer 36

inhaled ; short salbutamol ; >12% 200 mL ; 15 min

Question 37

Which is more potent for asthma? Anticholinergics or Beta Agonists

Answer 37

Beta agonists

Question 38

_____________ are the most effective anti-inflammatory agents used in asthma therapy

Answer 38

Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICSs):

Question 40

Skin tests: positive in _______ asthma, and negative in _______ asthma

Answer 40

alergic; intrinsic

Question 41

Rehydration Maintenance therapy If child can drink: maintenance is given ________ as _______ (preferred) but If child is unable to drink or intravenous rehydration is indicated: maintenance is given ____________ using ___% ________ in ______% _______ (D5 1⁄2 NS)

Answer 41

orally ; ORS intravenously %5 dextrose 0.45% NaCI

Question 42

Maintenance potassium:_____ mmol ______ should be added to each _______ ml of maintenance IV fluid If child is making adequate urine (1-2 ml/kg/hr)

Answer 42

20; KCL 1000

Question 43

Antiemetic: since persistent vomiting can limit oral rehydration therapy, single dose of _________ (0.2 mg/kg) may be given as sublingual tablet, VI or IM. However, most children do not require specific antiemetic therapy

Answer 43

ondansetron

Question 44

Antimotility agents: (e.g. loperamide) are (indicated or contraindicated?) in children with dysentery and probably have no role in the management of acute watery diarrhea in otherwise healthy children

Answer 44

contraindicated

Question 47

Some Sporozoites of P. ______ and P. _________, instead of multiplying, enter a __________ phase, _______—, within the liver cells

Answer 47

vivax ; ovale, dormant ; Hypnozoites

Question 49

chill is a feeling of ________, while rigor is __________ associated with __________

Answer 49

coldness coldness; shivering

Question 50

Malaria Nephropathy P. _______ malaria may be associated, in children, with __________ malaria nephropathy, a __________ syndrome which results from deposition of antimalarial antibodies in the glomerular basement membrane - Also, P. falciparum malaria may be complicated by acute renal failure, and rarely acute glomerulonephritis

Answer 50

malariae; quartan nephritic

Question 54

ASTHMA Exhaled _________: a noninvasive test to measure degree of airway inflammation. It is reduced by inhaled corticosteroids; thus a measure for compliance with therapy

Answer 54

nitric oxide

Question 54

Asthma treatment cromolyn sodium and nedocromil sodium inhibits _________

Answer 54

Mast cells

Question 56

Febrile Seizures: are seizures occurring in a child between _______ to _______ of age due to temperature >_____°C, which is not resulting from CNS infection or any metabolic imbalance, and the child is otherwise neurologically normal

Answer 56

3 mo to 6 yr 38