Physiology of the Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

What structure provides the first site for refraction?

A

Cornea

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2
Q

What is the action of the ciliary muscle and suspensory ligaments to create a round lens?

A

Ciliary muscle contracts

Suspensory ligaments loosen

(Near vision)

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3
Q

What is the action of the ciliary muscles and the suspensory ligaments to create a flatter lens?

A

Ciliary muscle relaxes

Suspensory ligament tightens

(Far vision)

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4
Q

Which retinal cells are horizontally oriented?

A

Horizontal cells

Amacrine cells

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5
Q

Which retinal cells are vertically oriented?

A

Receptor cells (Rods and cones)

Bipolar cells

Ganglion cells

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6
Q

In the retina, where are rods most abundant? Where are cones most abundant?

A

Rods - Just off center

Cones - Directly center (fovea)

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7
Q

What NT is released by rods/cones?

A

Glutamate

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8
Q

What visual conditions cause higher glutamate release?

A

Darkness (rods/cones are NOT inhibited by photons)

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9
Q

What visual conditions cause lower glutamate release?

A

Bright light

(Rods/cones hyperpolarize when stimulated by photons)

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10
Q

What is the receptor that glutamate is binding in the cone photoreceptors?

A

Gi GPCR

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11
Q

What receptor would be activated by glutamate in an Off-Center cone cell?

A

AMPA kainate

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12
Q

What NT causes depolarization of a ganglion cell?

A

Glutamate

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13
Q

In activation of a rod photoreceptor, what cell acts as an interneuron between bipolar cells? What NT is released?

A

Amacrine cell

GABA or glycine (inhibitory)

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14
Q

What structure is associated with the response to move eyes into an intended position? (Movement intention)

A

Superior colliculus

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15
Q

What tract is associated with the superior colliculus?

A

Tectospinal

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16
Q

What visual structure is important for converging and controlling eye motion onto a point of interest and mapping it in space, as well as movement relative to that object?

A

Lateral Geniculate body

17
Q

What Broadmann area is associated with the parastriate cortex? Peristriate cortex?

A

Parastriate - 18

Peristriate - 19

(Primary visual cortex - 17, dead center)

18
Q

What retinal cell layers make up V1?

A

I, II, III, IV

19
Q

What is the main input layer for V1? What structure does it receive from?

A

Layer IV

LGB

20
Q

What are the main output layers for V1? What structures do they send information to?

A

V and VI

LGB, thalamus, subcortical regions

21
Q

What type of input do ocular dominance columns respond to?

A

Input from one eye or the other

22
Q

What type of input do the orientation columns respond to?

A

Visual line stimuli of varying angles

23
Q

What type of input are the blobs of the primary visual cortex responsive to?

A

Specific wavelengths on the color absorption spectra associated with a specific cone (Red, green, blue)

24
Q

What is the major function of V1?

A

Identify edges, contours of objects

25
What is the main function of V2?
Depth perception
26
What is the main function of V3a?
Identification of motion
27
What is the main function of V4?
Complete processing of color input
28
What is the function of the dorsal pathway? What part of the visual cortex does it pass through?
Completes motor acts based on visual input Passes through V3 (from primary visual cortex to parietal/frontal cortex)
29
What is the function of the ventral pathway? Where does it begin and travel to?
Interprets images and complex patterns (Recognizing or copying shapes, forms, faces) Begins in primary visual cortex and travels to inferior temporal cortex
30
Where do melanopsin ganglion cells project to? What color are they sensitive to?
Project to suprachiasmaatic nucleus Sensitive to blue
31
What are non-image-forming light-responsive systems important for regulating?
Circadian rhythms