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paramedic > physiology, pathophysiology, shock > Flashcards

physiology, pathophysiology, shock Flashcards

1
Q

located in the nucleus and carry a positive charge

A

proton

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2
Q

located in the nucleus and carry a neutral charge

A

neutron

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3
Q

carry a negative charge and are in constant motion around the nucleus

A

electron

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4
Q

formed when an atom loses an electron or gains an extra one

A

ions

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5
Q

2 or more atoms bonded together

A

molecule

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6
Q

occur when 2 charged ions interact

A

ionic bond

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7
Q

occurs when each item participating in the formation of the bond provides and electron and the resulting pair of electrons is nearly equally shared between the two atoms

A

covalent bonds

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8
Q

H+

A

hydrogen ion

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9
Q

when a chemical increases in H+

A

acid

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10
Q

when a chemical decreases in H+

A

base

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11
Q

PH/pOH scale range

A

14-14

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12
Q

PH scale is a ________ scale

A

logarithmic

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13
Q

PH of water

A

7

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14
Q

PH scale >7

A

base

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15
Q

PH scale <7

A

acid

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16
Q

normal PH range of blood

A

7.35-7.45

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17
Q

acidosis

A

<7.35

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18
Q

alkalotic

A

> 7.45

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19
Q

reactions in a dynamic equilibrium that can neutralize bases and acids without meaningfully affecting the PH

A

bicarbonate buffer system

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20
Q

3 symptoms of respiratory acidosis

A

slow/no breathing
flushed skin
headache

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21
Q

hypoventilation
cardiac/respiratory arrest
asphyxiation
head injury

causes what acid/base disorder condition

A

respiratory acidosis

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22
Q

3 symptoms of respiratory alkalosis

A

carpal pedal spasms
tingling lips/face
dizziness

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23
Q

fever
excessive BVM ventilations
anxiety

causes what acid/base condition?

A

respiratory alkalosis

24
Q

3 symptoms of metabolic acidosis

A

kussmaul respirations
flushed skin
shortness of breath

25
Q

lactic acidosis
diabetic ketoacidosis
aspirin overdose

causes what acid/base condition?

A

metabolic acidosis

26
Q

3 symptoms of metabolic alkalosis

A

slow breathing
altered mental status
vomiting

27
Q

excessive vomiting
antacid overdose
eating disorders

causes what acid/base condition?

A

metabolic alkalosis

28
Q

decrease in blood PH (increase in H+) that primarily has a respiratory component

A

respiratory acidosis

  • results from a systemic increase in CO2 level (retention)
  • almost always due to decrease or absent respirations due to respirations blowing of CO2
29
Q

to compensate for respiratory acidosis the body releases _______ from cells that can cause cardiac dysrhythmias

A

potassium ions

30
Q

________ are released from muscles in acidosis and can cause a decreasing level of consciousness and delayed nerve signal transit, resulting in sluggish pupils and delayed responses to painful stimuli

A

calcium ions

31
Q

increase in PH (decrease in H+) that primarily has a respiratory component

A

respiratory alkalosis

  • increase in exhalation of CO2
  • fast breathing
32
Q

in alkalosis, H+ leave the cells in an attempt to replenish whats lost, to compensate _______ move into the cells resulting in ______

A

calcium ions

hypocalcemia

  • calcium chloride 500-1000 mg repeat as needed for hypocalcemia
  • peds-20 mg/kg max 1G may repeat once
33
Q

symptoms of alkalosis due to hypocalcemia

A

carpal pedal spasms
tingling in lips/face
dizziness

34
Q

acidosis primarily from a metabolic disorder or ingestion.

A

metabolic acidosis

  • ingestion of a poison or intentional overdose or bodys usual acids overwhelm the system
  • bodys reaction to stress to acid it to produce more CO2 in the buffer system-the pt will then breathe faster to blow of CO2
35
Q

most common metabolic acidosis

A

DKA diabetic ketoacidosis

*occurs in pts who do not take any or enough insulin, causes cells to shift to using fatty acids for fuel in lieu of glucose

36
Q

occurs when the cells are not getting enough oxygen and shift to anaerobic respiration

A

lactic acidosis

37
Q

aspirin overdoses can lead to _______ due to an ingestion of an acid (salicylic acid)

A

metabolic acidosis

38
Q

deep rapid respirations

A

kussmaul

  • seen in metabolic acidosis
  • low ETCO2
39
Q

rarest of acid/base disturbances

A

metabolic alkalosis

*occurs when the body loses too much acid

40
Q

in metabolic alkalosis the body retains CO2 due to the buffer system and thus causes _______

A

reduced respirations

41
Q

most likely cause of metabolic alkalosis in the emergency setting is _________

A

excessive vomiting

*excessive OTC antacids can cause too much acid neutralization

42
Q

can be uni or multi cellular. contain a true nucleus enclosed in a membrane.

A

eukaryotic organisms

43
Q

prokaryotic cells do not contain a _______

A

nucleus

44
Q

within the nucleus, genetic material is encoded in ____ which is organized into ______

A

DNA

chromosomes

45
Q

pumping of protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space establishes the proton-motive force, ultimately these protons flow through _______ to generate _______ through oxidative phosphorylation

A

ATP synthase

ATP

46
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

47
Q

control center of the cell

A

nucleus

48
Q

power plant of the cell

A

mitochondria

49
Q

an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.

A

lysosome

50
Q

a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

A

endoplasmic reticulum

*rough and smooth

51
Q

a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport.

A

golgi apparatus

52
Q

a small organelle present in the cytoplasm of many cells, which contains the reducing enzyme catalase and usually some oxidases.

A

peroxisomes

  • aids in the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids via beta oxidation
  • contain hydrogen peroxide
53
Q

provides structure to the cell and helps maintain the cells shape

A

cytoskeleton

54
Q

three components of a cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments
microtubules
intermediate filaments

55
Q

composed of solid polymerized rods of actin

A

microfilaments

*use ATP to generate force for movement by interacting with myosin such as in muscle contraction

56
Q

composed of hollow polymers of tubulin proteins

A

microtubules

paramedic (7 decks)

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