physiology, pathophysiology, shock

Question 1

located in the nucleus and carry a positive charge

Answer 1

proton

Question 2

located in the nucleus and carry a neutral charge

Answer 2

neutron

Question 3

carry a negative charge and are in constant motion around the nucleus

Answer 3

electron

Question 4

formed when an atom loses an electron or gains an extra one

Answer 4

ions

Question 5

2 or more atoms bonded together

Answer 5

molecule

Question 6

occur when 2 charged ions interact

Answer 6

ionic bond

Question 7

occurs when each item participating in the formation of the bond provides and electron and the resulting pair of electrons is nearly equally shared between the two atoms

Answer 7

covalent bonds

Question 8

H+

Answer 8

hydrogen ion

Question 9

when a chemical increases in H+

Answer 9

acid

Question 10

when a chemical decreases in H+

Answer 10

base

Question 11

PH/pOH scale range

Answer 11

14-14

Question 12

PH scale is a ________ scale

Answer 12

logarithmic

Question 13

PH of water

Answer 13

7

Question 14

PH scale >7

Answer 14

base

Question 15

PH scale <7

Answer 15

acid

Question 16

normal PH range of blood

Answer 16

7.35-7.45

Question 17

acidosis

Answer 17

<7.35

Question 18

alkalotic

Answer 18

> 7.45

Question 19

reactions in a dynamic equilibrium that can neutralize bases and acids without meaningfully affecting the PH

Answer 19

bicarbonate buffer system

Question 20

3 symptoms of respiratory acidosis

Answer 20

slow/no breathing
flushed skin
headache

Question 21

hypoventilation
cardiac/respiratory arrest
asphyxiation
head injury

causes what acid/base disorder condition

Answer 21

respiratory acidosis

Question 22

3 symptoms of respiratory alkalosis

Answer 22

carpal pedal spasms
tingling lips/face
dizziness

Question 23

fever
excessive BVM ventilations
anxiety

causes what acid/base condition?

Answer 23

respiratory alkalosis

Question 24

3 symptoms of metabolic acidosis

Answer 24

kussmaul respirations
flushed skin
shortness of breath

Question 25

lactic acidosis diabetic ketoacidosis aspirin overdose causes what acid/base condition?

Answer 25

metabolic acidosis

Question 26

3 symptoms of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 26

slow breathing altered mental status vomiting

Question 27

excessive vomiting antacid overdose eating disorders causes what acid/base condition?

Answer 27

metabolic alkalosis

Question 28

decrease in blood PH (increase in H+) that primarily has a respiratory component

Answer 28

respiratory acidosis * results from a systemic increase in CO2 level (retention) * almost always due to decrease or absent respirations due to respirations blowing of CO2

Question 29

to compensate for respiratory acidosis the body releases _______ from cells that can cause cardiac dysrhythmias

Answer 29

potassium ions

Question 30

________ are released from muscles in acidosis and can cause a decreasing level of consciousness and delayed nerve signal transit, resulting in sluggish pupils and delayed responses to painful stimuli

Answer 30

calcium ions

Question 31

increase in PH (decrease in H+) that primarily has a respiratory component

Answer 31

respiratory alkalosis * increase in exhalation of CO2 * fast breathing

Question 32

in alkalosis, H+ leave the cells in an attempt to replenish whats lost, to compensate _______ move into the cells resulting in ______

Answer 32

calcium ions hypocalcemia * calcium chloride 500-1000 mg repeat as needed for hypocalcemia * peds-20 mg/kg max 1G may repeat once

Question 33

symptoms of alkalosis due to hypocalcemia

Answer 33

carpal pedal spasms tingling in lips/face dizziness

Question 34

acidosis primarily from a metabolic disorder or ingestion.

Answer 34

metabolic acidosis * ingestion of a poison or intentional overdose or bodys usual acids overwhelm the system * bodys reaction to stress to acid it to produce more CO2 in the buffer system-the pt will then breathe faster to blow of CO2

Question 35

most common metabolic acidosis

Answer 35

DKA diabetic ketoacidosis *occurs in pts who do not take any or enough insulin, causes cells to shift to using fatty acids for fuel in lieu of glucose

Question 36

occurs when the cells are not getting enough oxygen and shift to anaerobic respiration

Answer 36

lactic acidosis

Question 37

aspirin overdoses can lead to _______ due to an ingestion of an acid (salicylic acid)

Answer 37

metabolic acidosis

Question 38

deep rapid respirations

Answer 38

kussmaul * seen in metabolic acidosis * low ETCO2

Question 39

rarest of acid/base disturbances

Answer 39

metabolic alkalosis *occurs when the body loses too much acid

Question 40

in metabolic alkalosis the body retains CO2 due to the buffer system and thus causes _______

Answer 40

reduced respirations

Question 41

most likely cause of metabolic alkalosis in the emergency setting is _________

Answer 41

excessive vomiting *excessive OTC antacids can cause too much acid neutralization

Question 42

can be uni or multi cellular. contain a true nucleus enclosed in a membrane.

Answer 42

eukaryotic organisms

Question 43

prokaryotic cells do not contain a _______

Answer 43

nucleus

Question 44

within the nucleus, genetic material is encoded in ____ which is organized into ______

Answer 44

DNA chromosomes

Question 45

pumping of protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space establishes the proton-motive force, ultimately these protons flow through _______ to generate _______ through oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 45

ATP synthase ATP

Question 46

programmed cell death

Answer 46

apoptosis

Question 47

control center of the cell

Answer 47

nucleus

Question 48

power plant of the cell

Answer 48

mitochondria

Question 49

an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.

Answer 49

lysosome

Question 50

a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

Answer 50

endoplasmic reticulum *rough and smooth

Question 51

a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport.

Answer 51

golgi apparatus

Question 52

a small organelle present in the cytoplasm of many cells, which contains the reducing enzyme catalase and usually some oxidases.

Answer 52

peroxisomes * aids in the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids via beta oxidation * contain hydrogen peroxide

Question 53

provides structure to the cell and helps maintain the cells shape

Answer 53

cytoskeleton

Question 54

three components of a cytoskeleton

Answer 54

microfilaments microtubules intermediate filaments

Question 55

composed of solid polymerized rods of actin

Answer 55

microfilaments *use ATP to generate force for movement by interacting with myosin such as in muscle contraction

Question 56

composed of hollow polymers of tubulin proteins

Answer 56

microtubules