terms to know Flashcards
(278 cards)
1
Q
the amount of a drug that enters central circulation and is able to cause an effect
A
bioavailability
2
Q
administration of medication in a single dose (as opposed to an infusion)
A
bolus
3
Q
for calculation purposes, this is the total amount of medication as packaged (total amount of a drug in the syringe, ampule, etc)
A
concentration
4
Q
the drug amount intended for administration
A
dose
5
Q
delivery of medication through the GI tract (oral, sublingual, rectal)
A
enteral
6
Q
period of time required for concentration of drug in the body to be reduced by one half
A
half life
7
Q
the amount of an ingested substance (in mg/kg) that kills 50% of a test sample
A
LD (lethal dose) 50
8
Q
delivery of a medication outside of the GI tract (IV, IO, IM, SQ, intranasal)
A
parenteral
9
Q
movement of a drug through the body, includes absorption, bioavailability, distribution, metabolism, excretion)
A
pharmacokinetics
10
Q
the mechanism of action of a medication
A
pharmacodynamics
11
Q
the range between minimum effective dose of a medication and the maximum safe dose. The narrower the therapeutic index, the more risk associated with the medication
A
therapeutic index
12
Q
for calculation purposes, this is the total amount of fluid available as packaged (total amount of fluid in the syringe, ampule, etc)
A
volume
13
Q
related to the sympathetic nervous system
A
adrenergic
*think adrenaline
14
Q
unintended effect of a medication administration
A
adverse effect
15
Q
medication that stimulated a specific response
A
agonist
16
Q
medication that reduces pain
A
analgesic
17
Q
medication that inhibits a specific action
A
antagonist
18
Q
single dose of a medication, given all at once
A
bolus
19
Q
related to the parasympathetic nervous system
A
cholinergic
*think acetylcholine
20
Q
circumstance when a medication should not be used
A
contraindication
21
Q
repeated administration of a medication that produces effects that are more pronounced than the first dose
A
cumulative effect
22
Q
categorization of medications with similarities or uses
A
drug class
23
Q
tremors, slurred speech, restlessness, muscle twitching, anxiety side effects
A
extra pyramidal
24
Q
diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus
A
habituation
25
undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity
hypersensitivity
26
solution that has a greater concentration of solutes on the outside of a cell when compared with the inside of a cell, causing fluid to move out of the cell
hypertonic solution
27
solution that has a lesser concentration of solutes on the outside of a cell when compared with the inside of a cell, causing fluid to move into the cell
hypotonic solution
28
circumstance when a medication should be considered
indication
29
sodium concentration same as intracellular fluid
isotonic solution
30
pharmacological effects of a medication
mechanism of action
31
interaction between two or more medications causing a response greater than the sum of of each individual medication
potentiation
32
resistant to treatment
refractory
33
any unwanted side effect of medication administration
side effect
34
desirable effects of medication administration
therapeutic effect
35
reduced response to a medication due to repeated use
tolerance
36
adverse or harmful side effects of medication administration
untoward effect
37
cellular processes that convert energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products
cellular respiration
38
the passive part of breathing
exhalation
39
oxygen exchange between the lungs and circulatory system
external respiration
40
oxygen deficiency
hypoxia
41
the active part of breathing
inhalation
42
oxygen exchange between blood and the cells of the body
internal respiration
43
volume of gas inhaled or exhaled per minute
| respiratory rate x tidal volume
minute ventilation
44
delivery of oxygen to the blood
oxygenation
45
the physical movement of moving air in and out of the lungs
ventilation
46
abdominal swelling
ascites
*consider liver disease, CHF, renal failure
47
bruising around the umbilicus
cullens sign
*consider intra-abdominal bleeding
48
a field conclusion of the patients problem based on the clinical presentation and the exclusion of other possible causes through considering the differential diagnosis
field impression
49
bruising over flank area
grey turners sign
*consider intra-abdominal bleeding
50
depression left by pressure of finger
pitting edema
*consider CHF or renal failure
51
measure or monitoring of exhaled CO2
capnography
52
area of necrosis or death
infarct
53
non-invasive measurement of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin
pulse oximetry SpO2
54
non-invasive measurement of carbon monoxide saturation of hemoglobin
pulse CO-oximetry SpCO
55
non-invasive measurement of methemoglobin
SpMet
56
swelling of the lower layer of skin and underlying tissue. Swelling may occur in the face, tongue, larynx, abdomen, arms and legs. Often associated with urticaria
angioedema
57
early shock where the body still maintains adequate perfusion
compensated shock
58
later shock where the body can no longer maintain adequate perfusion
decompensated shock
59
severe bleeding, leading to death
exsanguination
60
bleeding
hemorrhage
61
stage of shock leading to inevitable death
irreversible shock
62
MAP
mean arterial pressure
*DBP+1/3 (SBP-DBP)
63
progressive failure of at least two organ systems
multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
*MODS
64
hives
urticaria
65
resistance the left heart overcomes during contraction
afterload
66
a weakening in the wall of an artery
aneurysm
67
edema in the abdomen
ascites
68
enlargement of the heart, often due to hypertension
cardiac hypertrophy
69
volume of blood ejected by left ventricle in one minute
cardiac output
*stroke volume x heart rate
70
rate of cardiac contraction
chronotrope
71
speed of cardiac conduction velocity
dromotrope
72
an infection of the endocardium, usually involving the heart valves
endocarditis
73
percentage of blood ejected from a filled ventricle
ejection fraction
74
ventricles fail to respond to an impulse. On an ECG, the pacemaker spike will appear, but it will not be followed by a QRS complex
failure to capture
75
pacemaker malfunction that occurs when the pacemaker does not detect the patients myocardial depolarization. May be seen on an ECG tracing as a spike following a QRS complex too early
Failure to sense
76
force of cardiac contraction
inotrope
77
difficulty breathing while supine
orthopnea
78
acute onset of difficulty breathing at night, usually while sleeping
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
79
inflammation of the pericardium
pericarditis
80
volume of fluid returning to the right heart
preload
81
variable angina caused by coronary artery spasms
prinzmetals angina
82
the more the heart is stretched (within limits), the greater the resulting force of contraction
starlings law
83
amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle during one contraction
stroke volume
84
non cardiogenic pulmonary edema
acute respiratory distress syndrome
*ARDS
85
right heart failure
cor pulmonale
86
coughing up blood
hemoptysis
87
uses an impedance valve to increase volume of air remaining in lungs at end of expiration to improve gas exchange
positive end-expiratory pressure
*PEEP
88
crackling under the skin upon palpation due to trapped air. Typically found in chest neck or face
subcutaneous emphysema
89
volume of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath
tidal volume
90
difficulty with coordinated movement
ataxia
91
arms and legs extended
| posturing
decerebrate
92
arms flexed and legs extended
| posturing
decorticate
*think drawing arms to core
93
difficulty swallowing
dysphagia
94
unilateral weakness
hemiparesis
95
unilateral paralysis
hemiplegia
96
involuntary eye movement
nystagmus
97
brain damage due to lack of vitamin B1
wernickes encephalopathy
98
deep rapid respirations
kussmaul respirations
99
excessive thirst
polydipsia
100
excessive hunger
polyphagia
101
excessive urination
polyuria
102
reactions that present like anaphylaxis but are not lgE-mediated
anaphylactoid reaction
103
life threatening allergic reaction.
| unlike anaphylactoid reactions, this requires the patient to be sensitized, and mediated through lgE antibodies
anaphylaxis
104
immune cells produced by body to attack invading substances
antibodies
105
any substance that can produce an immune response
antigen
106
invading substance that can trigger an allergic or anaphylactic response
pathogen
107
immune response that occurs when an antigen comes into contact with the immune system for the first time
primary response
108
immune response that occurs after development of specific antibodies following primary response
secondary response
109
red, raised bumps across the body
hives/urticaria
110
inflammation of the coiled tube (epididymis) at the back of the testicle
epididymitis
111
blood in the stool
hematochezia
112
lacerated esophagus, usually due to vomiting
mallory-weiss syndrome
113
dark, tarry stool
melena
114
inflammation of one or both testicles
orchitis
115
inflammation of the peritoneum
peritonitis
116
pain felt somewhere other than where it originates
referred pain
117
sharp localized pain
somatic pain
118
twisting of a testicle
testicular torsion
119
vague, diffuse, dull, cramp like pain
visceral pain
120
dependence on a drug that may be physiological or psychological
addiction
121
pupillary constriction
miosis
122
pupillary dilation
mydriasis
123
need for progressively increased amount of a drug to achieve desired effects
tolerance
124
group of signs and symptoms for a specific group of toxins
| stimulants, narcotics
toxidromes
125
physiological or psychological effects of discontinuing an abused substance
withdrawal
126
inadequate RBCs. can be chronic or acute. Can be caused by inadequate RBC production, destruction, hemorrhage, or dilution of RBCs
anemias
127
immune system attacks bodys own tissues
autoimmune disease
128
infectious disease commonly found among a particular group
endemic
129
widespread occurrence of an infectious disease
epidemic
130
RBCs. transports oxygen
erythrocytes
131
WBCs. fights infection
leukocytes
132
parasitic infestation of skin under hair on the head, body, or pubic area
lice
133
tick borne illness causing fatigue and flu like symptoms
lyme disease
134
disease prevalent over an entire country or world
pandemic
135
fluid component of blood
plasma
136
skin infestation with microscopic mites that burrow. spread by close contact with infected person
scabies
137
platelets, bleeding control
thrombocytes
138
inability to recognize objects or stimuli (not due to impaired sensory function)
agnosia
139
loss of ability to express or understand speech
aphasia
140
impaired motor activity (not due to impaired sensory function)
apraxia
141
behavior considered abnormal enough that it requires intervention and alarms the patient or another person
behavioral emergency
142
acute onset of disorganized thought, often due to correctable causes
delirium
143
firmly held beliefs despite being contradicted by what is generally accepted as real or rational
delusions
144
slow onset of cognitive deficits, usually irreversible
dementia
145
difficulty swallowing
dysphagia
146
sensory perceptions with no basis in reality, often "hearing voices"
hallucinations
147
delusions of serious physical illness
hypochondriasis
148
death due to obstruction of breathing, related to body position
positional asphyxia
149
overindulgence in or dependence on an additive substance, especially alcohol or drugs
substance abuse
150
membrane covering the eye and inside of eyelid
conjunctiva
151
transparent anterior portion of the eyes
cornea
152
inflammation of the epiglottis
epiglottitis
153
nosebleed
epistaxis
154
inflammation of the nose
rhinitis
155
infection or inflammation of the sinuses
sinusitis
156
inflammation of the tonsils
tonsillitis
157
infection of the skin and soft tissue
cellulitis
158
inflammation and infection of the fascia (connective tissue)
fasciitis
159
tissue death, often causing black or blue discoloration
gangrene
160
osteomyelitis
infection of the bone
161
bone fracture caused by disease
pathological fracture
162
bruise
contusion
163
systemic complications of a crush injury
crush syndrome
164
injury where bone is displaced from the joint
dislocation
165
fractured ends move from their normal position
displaced fracture
166
collection of blood beneath the skin
hematoma
167
the bodys attempt to control bleeding
hemostasis
168
bones remain aligned after a fracture
non-displaced fracture
169
airtight dressing
occlusive dressing
170
syndrome due to muscle necrosis and release of toxins into the bloodstream
rhabdomyolysis
171
ligament injury
sprain
172
muscle or tendon injury
strain
173
the amount of skin involved in burn injury. expressed in percentages
BSA body surface area
174
a burn around the full circumference of an area
circumferential burn
175
leathery, inelastic skin due to full thickness burn injury
eschar
176
unequal pupils
anisocoria
177
inability to remember events that occurred after the injury
anterograde amnesia
178
bruising to mastoid region (behind ears) indicative of possible basal skull fracture
battles sign
179
abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by groups of quick, shallow inspirations followed by regular or irregular periods of apnea
biots respirations
180
deep rapid respirations
| without acetone breath found in kussmaul respirations
central neurologic hyperventilation
181
CPP
central perfusion pressure
182
increasing then decreasing tidal volume followed by a period of apnea pressure
cheyne-stokes respirations
183
brain injury away from primary point of impact
contrecoup injury
184
hypertension, bradycardia, altered respiratory pattern indicating increased ICP
cushings triad (triad)
185
posturing with arms extended and toes pointed
decerebrate (extensor) posturing
186
body extended and arms flexed
decorticate (flexor) posturing
*indicates brainstem injury
187
bleeding between dura mater and skull
epidural hematoma
188
bleeding within the brain
intracerebral hemorrhage
189
pressure within the cranium
intracranial pressure (ICP)
190
Le fort fracture progression
1. slight instability to maxilla
2. fracture of maxilla and nasal bones
3. fracture of entire face (zygoma, nasal bone, maxilla)
191
persistent penile erection
priapism
192
bruising around both eyes
raccoons eyes
*possible indication of orbital fracture or basal skull fracture
193
inability to remember events that occurred before the injury
retrograde amnesia
194
bleeding beneath the dura matter, within the meninges (above the brain)
subdural hematoma
195
open abdominal wound with protruding organs
evisceration
196
segment of thorax moves independently due to three or more adjacent ribs fracturing in at least two places
flail chest
197
vomiting blood
hematemesis
198
blood in urine
hematuria
199
coughing up blood
hemoptysis
200
accumulation of blood within pleural space
hemothorax
201
large penetrating thoracic trauma that allows air to enter pleural space
open pneumothorax
202
accumulation of fluid in pericardial sac that compromises cardiac filling
pericardial tamponade
203
tissue covering abdominal cavity, small bowel, and internal organs
peritoneum
204
inflammation of the peritoneum
peritonitis
205
bruise to lung tissue
pulmonary contusion
206
drop in systolic pressure of at least 10mmHg during inspiration
pulsus paradoxus
207
closed pulmonary injury where air leaks into pleural space
simple pneumothorax
208
pneumothorax causing progressive build up of air within pleural space
tension pneumothorax
209
severe compression of the chest that compromises blood flow
traumatic asphyxia
210
an antiserum, also known as antivenom, containing antibodies against specific poisons especially those in the venom of snakes, spiders, and scorpions
antivenon
211
injury caused by changes in pressure
barotrauma
212
medical conditions resulting from changes in ambient pressure
dysbarism
213
presence of medical problems
morbidity
214
mortality
death
215
alveolar substance that keeps alveoli open
surfactant
216
generation of heat
thermogenesis
217
loss of heat
thermolysis
218
ringing in the ears
tinnitus
219
prior to delivery
antepartum
220
passage of a small amount of blood or blood tinged mucus near the end of pregnancy
bloody show
221
sporadic uterine contractions that can occur prior to active labor
braxton hicks
222
infection of the uterine lining
endometritis
223
distance in cm from pubic symphysis to top of uterine fundus.
fundal height
*each cm = one week of gestation
224
total number of pregnancies
gravida
225
severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy
hyperemesis gravidarum
226
the first occurrence of menstruation
menarche
227
unilateral lower quadrant abdominal pain that occurs midway through a menstrual cycle
mittelschmerz
228
a woman who has had at least two pregnancies
muiltigravida
229
a woman who has never given birth
nullipara
230
total number of pregnancies reaching viable gestational age (live births and child births)
para
231
after delivery
postpartum
232
a woman who is pregnant for the first time
primigravida
233
rupture of amniotic sac
ruptured membranes (ROM)
234
cyanosis of the hands and feet due to poor perfusion
acrocyanosis
235
time form conception to birth
gestation
236
fecal matter in amniotic fluid from babys first bowel movement
meconium
237
newborns from birth to one month old
neonate
238
ductus arteriosus fails to close during embyonic development causing aortic blood flow into pulmonary artery
patent ductus arteriosus
239
infant delivered prior to 37 weeks gestation
preterm
240
telescoping of intestines into themselves. usually occurs in patients 6 months to 6 years. requires surgery
intussusception
241
abnormal skin coloring due to vasoconstriction and poor circulation
mottling
242
failure of caregiver to provide basic necessities
neglect
243
small purple non blanching spots on skin
petechiae
244
apnea
respiratory arrest
245
increased rate and effort of breathing
respiratory distress
246
inadequate oxygenation and ventilation
respiratory failure
247
poor skin turgor indicating possible dehydration
tenting
248
loss of ability to independently meet daily needs
functional impairment
249
someone who is at least 65 years of age
geriatric
250
the study of the effects of aging on humans
gerontology
251
accidental urination or defecation
incontinence
252
concurrent use of multiple medications
polypharmacy
253
ability to perceive or sense movements and position of ones own body independent of vision
proprioception
254
science of providing healthcare for extremely obese patients
bariatrics
255
surgical opening between colon and abdominal wall to allow passage of feces while bypassing part of colon
colostomy
256
CHF due to pulmonary hypertension
cor pulmonale
257
surgical connection between an artery and vein for dialysis
fistula
258
end of life care for the terminally ill
hospice
259
removing visible contaminants from a surface
cleaning
260
utilization of safe practices for vehicle operations in spite of surrounding conditions and actions of others
defensive driving
261
use of a chemical to kill pathogens
disinfection
262
emergency vehicle operators are expected to drive safely at all times and may be held to a higher standard than other drivers
due regard
263
removal of all microbial contamination
sterilization
264
uses data to anticipate demand for emergency services and adjusts staffing levels and staging locations accordingly
system status management
265
contained incident, where injuries have already occurred prior to arrival of rescue personnel
closed incident
266
takes place during early incident when patients are first encountered
primary triage
267
monitors all on scene activities to prevent harmful conditions
safety officer
268
ongoing triage completed throughout incident
secondary triage
269
single individual has command of incident
singular command
270
number of people or tasks that one individual can manage
span of control
271
positioning of resources
staging
272
sorting based on severity of incidents
triage
273
multiple personnel from different jurisdictions share command
unified command
274
poisonous substance produced by living organism
biotoxin
275
CBRNE
chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, explosives
276
nuclear weapon improvised from radioactive nuclear waste material and conventional explosives
dirty bomb
277
movements of currents over a uniform obstruction
recirculating currents
278
blistering chemical agent, such as mustard gas, lewisite, and phosgene oxime
vesicant
