Pigs Flashcards

Question

How long is a pig oestrus cycle?

Answer 1

21 days (19-23)

Answer 2

1: emaciated sow backbone very prominent 2: thin, backbone prominent 3: ideal condition during lactation and at weaning, backbone just palpable 4: slightly overweight, cannot find backbone 5: body rotund, over fat

Answer 3

2.5kg | More for wearers, service/implantation, late pregnancy

Answer 4

Ovulate 2/3 way through standing heat Late standing heat: Day when first boar test positive Normal standing heat: 1 day after first boar test positive Early standing heat: 2 days after first boar test positive

Answer 5

``` Vulva - reddening, swelling, mucous Vocalisation Interest in boar Flank nosing Smelling of boar Standing next to boar Standing to back pressure Allowing sows or boar to mount ```

Answer 6

``` Close to sows Not near boars Nose to nose contact Individual insemination pen Undisturbed area post insemination Flow of pigs Good gates/dividers ```

Answer 7

Total sow cycle = 21 weeks | So 52/21 = 2.476

Answer 8

``` Conception rate Final farrowing rate Weaning to service gap Weaning to actual conception gap Other causes of empty days ```

Answer 9

``` Point ov ovulation Point of fertilisation Ability to implant Ability to maintain through pregnancy Survival through farrowing ```

Answer 10

Weaned at 4 weeks | Served 1 week after weaning (5 weeks after farrowing)

Answer 11

``` Total born/litter: > 12.5 Born alive/litter: > 11.5 Born dead/litter: < 0.7 Born mummified/litter: < 0.3 Conception rate: > 90% Farrowing rate: > 85% Farrowing index: > 2.3 ```

Answer 12

``` Nutrition Stress - physiological behavioural, heat, cold Quality of service and implantation period Staff factors Seasonal infertility Herd profile Sunburn/sensitisation Mycotoxins Sow/boar illness - lameness ```

Answer 13

``` Porcine parvovirus PRRS PCV2 Swine Influenza Leptospirosis SMEDI viruses ``` Aujeszky's Classical Swine Fever Brucella suis Systemic infections causing pyrexia Endometritis Orchitis

Answer 14

Silent heats not seen Gilts - age, weight, heat balance, genetics, intersexuality, abnormal anatomy Sows - energy balance, stress, lactational oestrus, seasonal, mycotoxins

Answer 15

> 11 weeks in pig

Answer 16

Common - fertilisation has failed to occur Timing of service Quality of service Boar contact post AI service Boar/semen problem Or early loss of embryos - incomplete involution, stress, nutrition, infection

Answer 17

Less common Ultrasound PD valuable to know if actually been in pig Embryo loss >12d Infection - tracking endometritis

Answer 18

Regular - multiples of 21d Irregular - our of sync Late returns (abortions) - > 11 weeks in pig

Answer 19

Service, post service and farrowing hygiene!

Answer 20

Ovulation issue - genetics, nutrition, age, parity structure | Fertilisation issue - service timing, semen quality, boar/semen issue, nutrition, stress

Answer 21

Stress is biggest issue Nutrition Seasonal influence Disease

Answer 22

``` Stress Parvovirus PRRS PCV2 Erysipelas Leptospirosis ``` ``` Aujeszky's CSF Toxaemia - endotoxins, plants, mycotoxins Systemic pyrexia Placentitis ```

Answer 23

Increase the number of live pigs weaned More even litters Increased average weaning weight Avoid excessive loss of sow condition

Answer 24

Nesting behaviour Discomfort Decreased appetitte Milk appearance in last 12hr

Answer 25

No piglet for >30minutes Straining Rare as multiparous with small foetuses

Answer 26

``` Overconditioned Lack of muscular tone Hypocalcaemia Concurrent illness Endocrine malfunction ```

Answer 27

Exhaustion Dehydration Excessive heat Prolonged obstruction (hypocalcaemia) often gives follow up problems

Answer 28

``` Obstructions are rare Coiled uterus -> backup of foetuses Oversized usually in small litter numbers Congenital abnormalities Putrefying dead foetus Malpresentations very rare ```

Answer 29

``` Dystocia Uterine twists Operator induced - uterine ruptures, pelvic/vaginal damage Collapsed/narrow pelvis Everted bladder/vaginal prolapse Oxytocin overdose ```

Answer 30

Fingers in eye sockets or jaw to pull | Use of baler twine useful if pelvis is tight

Answer 31

Oxytocin once clear (lasts 30mins) Antibiotics if assisted or retained piglet/membranes (penicillin) NSAIDs (anti-inflammatory and analgesia) Calcium - SC, not clear cut benefit PGF2a - induction (careful) or post farrowing for retained

Answer 32

If totally unresponsive to inertia or obstruction Sedation - azeperone (licensed, need to leave alone for 20 mins) or xylazine/butorphanol (not great sedation) GA - ketamine Local - possible but complicated Flank incision either side ~10cm above udder and cranial to hindleg Extend for 20-25cm Difficult to manipulate opposite uterine horn but persevere Euthanasia and hysterectomy an alternative

Answer 33

Rectal - can replace if fresh, otherwise will resolve with time Vaginal - often able to work through if assisting Uterine - enormous, difficult to replace, take time and be patient if attempting, can remove but often euthanasia carried out once colostrum has been obtained

Answer 34

Colostrum Total weaning weight of litter is linked to total milk production Total milk production is linked to total food intake during lactation

Answer 35

Intermittent milk let down Low grunting to call piglets Piglets find teats and push on them - increases oxytocin Milk let down for 30-45 seconds Repeats about about an hour Dominant sow will start and then others will do same

Answer 36

Mastitis, metritis, agalactia Management in origin Not all parts always seen Environment - temperature, floor quality, wetness Nutrition - prefarrow excess, constipation Water availability

Answer 37

Milk production can easily be lost and does not return Cross fostering/supplementation important Nutrition has an enormous influence Can have infection

Answer 38

Steroids - allows milk to flow Oxytocin (or carbetocin as lasts longer) Broad spectrum Abs - penicillin/streptomycin

Answer 39

A piglet that has died in the 24hrs before farrowing?

Answer 40

<72h | Overlays

Answer 41

``` Iron injections Tagging/notching/tattooing Tail docking Teeth reduction Injections - vaccines/treatments Oral treatments ```

Answer 42

Milk/nutritional scour Viral - rotavirus, PED/TGE, PRRS Bacterial - E.coli, Clostridium perfringens Parasitic - Isospora suis, Cryptosporidiosis, Strongyloides

Answer 43

Poor hygiene Lack of colostrum Fostering Gilt/sow illness

Answer 44

Either very early on or from 3 weeks of age GIT overload to large intestines Self limiting

Answer 45

``` Hugely profuse amounts of watery scour Very early onset Mortality is related to dehydration Small intestinal villous atrophy Secondary bacterial infection Difficult to directly treat (increase hygiene and immunity) ```

Answer 46

Coronaviruses: - Porcine epidemic diarrhoea - Transmissible gastroenteritis Pathogenesis: - Infect and damage gut epithelial cells, especially damage to villous structure - High morbidity and mortality Signs: - Profuse watery scour with vomiting of piglets - New PED has very high mortality under 3 weeks old - Affects all ages and can be self limiting but can persist in larger herds TGE: - acute, productive diarrhoea -> high mortality - can cause diarrhoea and vomiting in older sows - sows can develop protective IgA mediated immunity and virus may persist well in herds - survives well at low temperatures - winter outbreaks common - no treatment for piglets - high biosecurity and closed herds reduces risk No vaccine or direct therapy (vaccine available in some countries but efficacy unclear)

Answer 47

``` Dyspnoea CNS signs Weak Conjunctivitis Bruising Anaemia Scour, sometimes containing blood High mortality ```

Answer 48

Usually within first week but can be any time during lactation

Answer 49

``` Watery scour often present Can be flocculant/creamy No vomiting usually More common indoors Chilled arcs can predispose outside ```

Answer 50

Speedy treatment essential Hydration Antibiotics based on sensitivity - apramycin, spectinomycin Vaccination of breeding herd - short term cover via colostrum Dry disinfectant powders Probiotics

Answer 51

Sudden death within 24 hours due to acute haemorrhagic enteritis Produces B toxin Usually seen outdoors Can only be treated pre-emptively at birth (metaphylaxis) Penicillins usually effective Longer term vaccines should be used

Answer 52

Mainly associated with low grade chronic diarrhoea Pasty scour any time during lactation, giving poor growth Produces a and B2 toxins Difficult to control and treat Penicillins may work but variable Maintain hydration Prevention - short term metaphylaxis or use ruminant vaccination

Answer 53

Usually 10-21d old with pasty yellow loose faeces Resolves at weaning but huge impact on weaning weight Does not respond to treatment Hygiene main method of control Toltrazuril at 4do can resolve clinical impact

Answer 54

Found within the gut wall | Caused physical damage to the lining

Answer 55

Bacterial meningitis Streptococcus suis, E.coli, Haemophilus parasuis Often due to bacterial penetration through 'openings' - navel, wounds, teeth clipping, tail docking Sometimes also seen with joint ill Can affect any age during lactation but usually nearer to weaning

Answer 56

``` Nystagmus Opisthotonus Trembling Pyrexia Collapse Paddling Convulsions Sudden death ```

Answer 57

Treatment must address swollen brain - steroids quickest, along with systemic antibiotics Hydration important Control with good hygiene and colostrum management

Answer 58

A1: cerebellar atrophy, CSF infection A2: cerebellar atrophy and hypomyelinogenesis, pestivirus infection A3: Landrace inherited to male pigs A4: Saddleback recessive inherited defect A5: cerebellar atrophy and hypomyelinogenesis, organophosphate effect

Answer 59

Intention tremor that occurs sporadically Often more prevalent in gilts or new herds Recovery often occurs naturally as long as they can suckle Splay leg piglets can be seen

Answer 60

Joint ill - often associated with bacteraemia from an 'opening', prompt treatment can resolve, control with hygiene Splayleg - variable onset and cause, can be supported to enable suckling Injuries - caught toes may be common on certain floors, injuries from mum

Answer 61

``` Cleft palate Epitheliogenesis imperfecta Hydrocephalus Contracted tendons Monsters ```

Answer 62

28 days | 21 days if specifically going into weaning specific accommodation which is all in all out

Answer 63

Weaned/sow > 11 Weaning weigh > 7kg (28d) Weaning > 100kg/sow

Answer 64

High milk protein content - goes off quickly so need to make sure it's fresh

Answer 65

``` Too young/small Failure of gut development Hypothermoia Infection pressure too high Stress - space, allowances Loss of condition - tucked in Navel sucking Vices ```

Answer 66

Suitable pigs into correct accommodation Proper food Same age group Interfere as little as possible

Answer 67

Continuing damaged gut - Coccidiosis) Lowered weaning weight - E.coli, Rotavirus, Clostridia Joint ill - inadequately managed

Answer 68

``` Dietary and feeding changes Temperature changes Draughts Inadequate hygiene Overeating Historical GIT damage ```

Answer 69

Sudden onset of watery scour around 1 week post weaning Loss of condition - dehydration Mild pyrexia and can cause some sudden deaths Affects distal SI

Answer 70

``` Swift treatment needed Water medication simple and effective Antibiotics - apramycin, neomycin, spectinomycin Hygiene important Vaccination if appropriate Zinc oxide in feed Acidification of water ```

Answer 71

Main serovars in UK are S typhimurium and S derby: - Infection can range from severe to mild inflammatory gastroenteritis or be carried asymptomatically in gut or mesenteric LNs (zoonotic risk) - S typhimurium: emerging drug resistant variants particular challenge S cholerasuis: - Adapted to pigs and may cause invasive necrotic enteritis or septicaemia (typhoidal disease) - Rrare in UK - Can be zoonotic and highly invasive in humans Transmission: - Resilient so persists well in environment - Transmission from carrier pigs - No current vaccine for pigs Diagnosis: - Culture of faecal material on selective media e.g. brilliant green - Typing Signs: - Low grade scour: indistinguishable from E.coli - High mortality necrotic enteritis form more obvious clinically - Distal SI and LI affected Treatment: - Aggressive treatment to be effective - Antibiotics Prevention - Water acidification can be best hygiene - Probiotics may reduce transmission - Good management and hygiene

Answer 72

``` Bacterial meningitis Oedema disease Water deprivation Middle ear disease Toxicities Notifiables ```

Answer 73

Most commonly Strep suis type 2 Trigger factors around 2-4w weeks post weaning - humidity, stress, mixing, moving Antibiotics - penicillins, florfenicol Anti-inflammatories and water per rectum Bedding, darkness, warmth, quiet Prevention difficult - reduce triggers, metaphylaxis with vaccination Also linked with Haemophilus parasuis (Glassers) - multiple strains, clinically looks same as strep suit, difficult to culture, same treatment

Answer 74

Shiga-like toxin producing strains of E.coli: action on blood vessels and endothelial cells (STEC) Causes oedema of the brain, omentum, gastric mucosa and peritoneum, cardio-pulmonary system High mortality with rapid onset Usually within a month of weaning

Answer 75

Sudden death Convulsions Stupor Ataxia Anorexia Pyrexia Oedema of face and eyelids (puffy appearance) High pitched squealing (laryngeal oedema) Oedema very obvious within the spiral colon mesentery on PM

Answer 76

Diagnosis: - culture - serotyping and ID of toxins/fimbrial type Treatment: - improve management and hygiene - toxins can make it difficult to treat - anti-inflammatories - water soluble antibiotics (in feed?) - often at changeover of feed so nutrition has a role - vaccination option from 4do appears relatively effective, can also vaccinate sows to transfer protection via colostrum

Answer 77

Usually in grower/finisher stage ``` Sudden onset of nervous disease in multiple pigs Odd behaviour around water points Collapse Rolling Convulsions ```

Answer 78

Severe dehydration increases salt content in CSF Rapid rehydration gives swelling of brain by osmosis Steroids can help Slow rehydration imperative IV drips if warranted Mortality can be very high

Answer 79

Clinically indistinguishable from early meningitis Usually inner ear is affected, giving head tilt and head shaking Often associated with Swine Influenza or PRRS Can progress to meningitis Treat with antibiotics and anti-inflammatories

Answer 80

``` Haemophilus parasuis: 4 weeks Swine influenza: 5 weeks PRRS: 6 weeks PCV2: 7 weeks M hyopneumonia: 12 weeks Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: 12 weeks ```

Answer 81

``` Coughing Sneezing Pyrexia Conjunctivitis Dyspnoea Cyanosis Decreased appetite Loss of condition Mortality PM - pleurisy, pericarditis, peritonitis, polyserositis ```

Answer 82

H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2

Answer 83

Piglets: - unusual to see signs when sucking unless first introduction of disease into herd - coughing - pneumonia - fever Sows: - pyrexia causing abortion - widespread coughing - pneumonia - inappetence - may start as 2-3 animals for 2 days, then rapid explosive outbreak - acute respiratory distress persists for 7-10d Incubation period = 12-48h with rapid dramatic onset Immunity often short lived (6 months) Herds may become endemic with intermittent bouts of disease and infertility

Answer 84

Multiple ages affected Sudden onset Triggers other diseases Can persist in the herd - adds to PRDC

Answer 85

Supportive can reduce impact NSAIFs Antibiotics only if secondary bacterial disease risk Control can be via vaccine use and biosecurity Often becomes chronic disease

Answer 86

Initial rhinos, sneezing -> destruction of turbinates Pasteurella multocida type D toxin producing strain Increases secondary infections, leading to decreased growth Rare in UK commercially Effective vaccine licensed

Answer 87

Porcine Circovirus type 2

Answer 88

Signs: - Huge mortality through rapid loss of condition around 2-4mo - Chronic wasting, diarrhoea, enteritis, occasional skin lesions - Secondary infections Pathogenesis: Lymphocytic depletion -> immunosuppression Diagnosis: - Clinical signs - PCR Treatment and control: - Vaccination very effective and 95% of UK herd vaccinated so not really seen anymore - No specific treatments

Answer 89

Stop cycling of disease between groups - age, batches, pig flow, AIHO, hygiene Reduce stress - stocking, water, feed, temperature Diagnose and control specific infections - vaccination, medication Eliminate certain pathogens

Answer 90

= Exudative epidermitis Aetiology: Staphylococcus hyicus (skin commensal) Most common skin disease Pathogenesis: - Can be acute or chronic - Produces toxins which are absorbed into the system and damage the liver and kidneys - Lesions caused by exfoliative toxin -> loss of keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion in the superficial epidermis -> leave skin open to secondary infection - Often initiated by injury from sharp objects, unclipped teeth, fighting, or from mange or humid environment or immunosuppression Age: - Common in piglets >5do but causes bigger problem in weaned pigs Transmission: - multiplies profusely in sow's vagina so piglets infected during birth process or soon after Clinical signs: - Typically non pruritic - Loss of fluid can be fatal Treatment: - Amoxycillin or lincomycin - Topical skin sanitiser in mild cases (e.g. Savlon) Control: - Hygiene - Minimise fighting - Humidity

Answer 91

Staphylococcal infection Usually bilateral and dry Around 7-12 weeks of age Tends to heal on its own

Answer 92

Sarcoptic mange: Sarcoptes scabiei var suis Uncommon in commercial pigs Signs: - Intense pruritus - crusty lesions - lameness - lethargy - slowed growth Diagnosis: deep skin scrapings Boars can be a problem, - difficult to treat due to deep lesions, transfer to sows at service Treat with ivermectin and bathe to stop secondary infections

Answer 93

Commonly caused by Trichophyton mentagrophyes - involves contact with rodents Contact with cattle can lead to Trichophyton verrucosum Contact with cats can cause Microsporum canis Signs: - dirty marks on skin - minimal pruritus - usually affects groups Treatment: - clears with UV light - other treatments not greatly effective - generally resolves in about 2 weeks

Answer 94

= False ringworm Genetic defect - inherited codnition Sporadic dramatic appearance at 6-8 weeks old of individual animal Non pruritic spreading rings - no other signs Spontaneously resolves by 20 weeks old

Answer 95

Maximise growth Maximise efficiency Huge balancing process based on: genetics, feed, housing, health

Answer 96

``` Carcass weight Grading Condemnation Growth rates Feed consumption ```

Answer 97

``` Must be able to load and unload itself Must be able to support their weight on all 4 legs Must have no open wounds Piglets can't be < 3 weeks Sows can't be < 1 week farrowed Sows can't be > 100d in pig 'Ambulance' conditions ```

Answer 98

``` EP-like lesions Pleurisy Pericarditis Peritonitis Papular dermatitis Pleuropneumonia-like Milk Spot Hepatic scarring Tail damage Viral-type pneumonia Abscess Pyaemia ```

Answer 99

Often starts in weaner period | But can be finishing only

Answer 100

``` Decreased intake Reduced growth Loss of condition Low level mortality (3-15% post weaning if acute) Increased FCR (by 0.1-0.5) Increased DTB (by 7-30) ```

Answer 101

``` Viral: - PRRS - PCV2 - Swine influenza - Pseudorabies - Porcine respiratory Coronavirus Bacterial: - Glasser's disease - APP - Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae - Pasteurella multocida - Bordetella bronchiseptica - Streptococcus suis Management and environment: - Overcrowding - Ventilation - Temperature - Mixing different sources - Continuous flow - Sanitation ```

Answer 102

4-8% | £12,000-25,000

Answer 103

``` Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Endemic in most herds 6-8 weeks incubation Unimportant in well housed and managed pigs, but can have serious effects if concurrent infections with APP, Has, Pasteurella, PRRS or SI Pathogenesis: - Slow action of pathology - Interstitial pneumonia and bronchiolar cuffing - Mucocilliary escalator damage - Often secondary infection - Decreased growth due to immune challenge and healing Transmission: - Carrier pigs - Wind borne spread up to 5 miles - Dies quickly outside pig (but can live for 2-3d in moist, cool conditions) Diagnosis: - clinical picture - PM: lungs - ELISA - PCR ```

Answer 104

Dependent lobes end up consolidated with pneumonia - apical, cardiac, cranial region of diaphragmatic and accessory lobes Dependent on secondary infection, overlying pleurisy can be present

Answer 105

EP-like lesions grossly Histopathology PCR

Answer 106

Interruption of disease cycle is best to reduce infection pressure Antibiotics - individual, water and via feed Tetracyclines, maacrolides, pleuromutilins Vaccination important as long term control - cost effective, can eliminate the disease Full depop-repop Partial medicated depot - move most susceptible animals off site, vaccinate, hygiene, medicate

Answer 107

Up to score 10: 0% | Score 41-55 (max): 50%

Answer 108

Alveolar macrophages (multiplies in immune system)

Answer 109

Persistent once in herd Can give acute/peracute outbreaks, especially when following PRRS or influenza Can also be chronic on its own

Answer 110

Big pigs suddenly dead - very little pathology Background cough Pyrexia and lethargy Bloody nares (often only seen once dead)

Answer 111

Hugely variable Peracute - none Acute - haemorrhage lesions Chronic - solidified pneumonia with overlying pleurisy

Answer 112

Treatment is often too late in outbreaks Injectable, water or via feed penicillins, florfenicol, TMPS Commercial vaccination against APX toxins Autogenous vaccine? Partial medicated depot to eliminate

Answer 113

``` CSF/ASF Salt poisoning Toxicities Acute Glassers Endocarditis ```

Answer 114

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Pathogenesis and signs: - causes ulcerative colitis/typhylocolitis (severe inflammation of LI) - invades intestinal epithelium particularly of caecum and colon - produces toxins - goblet cell hyperplasia - malabsorptive diarrhoea very common, often contains blood and mucus (mucohaemorrhagic scour) - risk of secondary infection Blood parameters: - Increased IL-1 and TNF-a common Transmission/risk factors: - infection via ingestion of infected faeces - spread by carrier pigs that shed in faeces for long period of time - faecal contamination of equipment, boots etc - can be spread by flies, mice, birds, dogs etc - stress from change of feed may precipitate - poor sanitation and wet pens - overcrowding

Answer 115

``` Porcine Haemorrhagic Enteritis (ileitis) Severe colitis Gastric/intestinal ulceration Trichuris suis CSF/ASF ```

Answer 116

``` Diagnosis: - clinical picture - blood and mucus faeces sent off for PCR or culture - fluorescent Ab tests on faecal smears - gram stained faecal smears rules out other organisms - PME Control: - Pleuromutilins - Lincomycin or tiamulin (not tyrosine as resistant): in water for at least 7d at first signs of disease, inject badly affected pigs daily for 4 days - Hygiene important - Prevent access to slurry pits - Control flies - Footbaths for farm people - Reduce movement and handling of pigs - Avoid overcrowding - Isolate and quarantine incoming pigs - Often move towards elimination - based on diagnostics including MICs - Partial medicated depot - Combo medication, hygiene, planning - Not viable to control long term - No viable vaccine options currently - Autogenous vaccine? ```

Answer 117

Spirochaetal colitis Mild - common commensal Often mixed infection with Lawsonia and Salmonella Appearance of grey cow pat mostly - rarely has some blood present Usually control through nutritional changes

Answer 118

Porcine Intestinal Adenopathy (PIA) Porcine Haemorrhagic Enteropathy (PHE)? ``` Diagnosis: - Clinical signs - Can only be differentiated from colitis by PCR +/- culture - Histopathology Treatment and control: - Range of antibiotics e.g. macrolides - Live attenuated vaccine ```

Answer 119

Low grade infection of Lawsonia Thickened distal ileum with proliferative lesions of enterocytes (hose pipe like appearance) - can extend into proximal colon Pathogenesis: - Infection of enterocytes causes proliferation/hyperplasia of crypt cells - Causes malabsorption of intestinal contents - Involves bacterial T3SS and T5SS and host inflammatory response -> low grade 'food coloured' scour -> poor growth - stunted pigs Can be acute (bloody diarrhoea, sudden death) or chronic or subclinical Mostly finisher pigs

Answer 120

Acute Higher grade infection than PIA Can be difficult to distinguish from swine dysentery But usually no diarrhoea? Acute haemorrhage, rotten blood smell, sudden death Usually more mature animals nearer bacon weight PM: thinning of ideal walls with haemorrhage leading to blood filled intestinal lumen

Answer 121

Low grade colitis, often with disruption to microbiome Change of feed too abruptly - feed rations, raw materials (barley, wheat) Gorging suddenly Control through correcting nutritional insult and hygiene

Answer 122

Not usually a problem clinically Can cause some respiratory issues as part of PRDC - migrating L3 Milk spot picked up at slaughter - migrating L2 Decreased growth rates

Answer 123

If causing issue, worm individually or as group BZs and avermectins Eggs viable for 7y+ on paddocks Hygiene to remove eggs - washing soda, clean down

Answer 124

Clinically similar to swine dysentery Irritative colitis - unresponsive to antibiotics Worming needs to be repeated at high doses Hygiene v important - washing and lime wash

Answer 125

Common in fast growing pigs Melaena, sudden death, pale carcass, clotted blood in GIT, ulcers can be found Pars oesophageal affected Complex triggers - stress, grist size, high protein, high wheat

Answer 126

Half or full rotation around base of mesentery Very quick progression to death Complex aetiology - fresh grains, fermentation, high protein diets Swollen carcass, pale, classic positioning of GIT on PM

Answer 127

Linked to scour and increased abdominal pressure (coughing, huddling) Replace if fresh - gloves, pressure, purse string suture Amputate if old - surgical, pipe and rubber band Secondary stricture highly likely, leading to GIT blockage - swollen abdomen, loss of condition, jaundice, can feel on digital palpation - ease open if possible, if not euthansia only option

Answer 128

Peracute - found dead - septicaemia carcass Acute - highly pyrexic, lethargy, raised skin lesions (typically diamonds but not always) Chronic - endocarditis, very stiff lameness

Answer 129

Often environmental and carried by wildlife - more common in outdoor herds and small holdings Commercial breeding herds are usually vaccinated - can cause abortions in gilts and sows

Answer 130

Penicillin very effective Can use water medication when flare occurring but long term control should be vaccination Must vaccinate growing pigs after MDA has decayed (so after 6 weeks post weaning) Control infection source - esp birds and rodents

Answer 131

Off legs, difficulty rising, lameness Early cases can apparently 'walk it off' Swelling can be minimal - often hips and stifles affected

Answer 132

Speedy response to lincomycin/tiamulin - need to complete the course No vaccine available Autogenous vaccine?

Answer 133

``` Frustration Stress 'Overstocking' Draughts Discontent Understocking Nutritional upset Disease ```

Answer 134

Huge welfare issue Local or tracking abscessation Death/euthanasia

Answer 135

Site must be registered with DEFRA - CPHH number All movements need to be registered - eAML2 (electric database), includes wandering 'stud' boar, movement standstill period, 20d for pigs, 6d for ruminants Walking licenses - specific route detailed by DBM, requires collar and lead

Answer 136

39.5C | But can be above this is stressed etc

Answer 137

Around 13MJ 15-16% protein Around 1% of BW daily

Answer 138

``` Arthritis Inactivity Joint issues Foot problems Dermatitis Eye issues ```

Answer 139

Not eating due to pyrexia, too hot, rubbish food, no water Heavy parasite burden Wrong food

Answer 140

``` Ascariasis Brucellosis Campylobacteriosis Cysticercosis Erysipelas Hepatitis E Leptospirosis Ringworm Salmonellosis Streptococcus suis type 2 Swine influenza Tetanus Toxoplasmosis Trichinellosis ```

Answer 141

Anoestrus due to obesity

Answer 142

Vietnamese Pot Bellied | Kune-Kunes

Answer 143

Scour less common as infection burden low Nutritional more common due to unusual diets Twisted guts can result from abrupt changes to food and water Ulcers from low level stress can be common - intermittent feeding and large numbers of stones will not help

Answer 144

Ascarid worm burdens affecting lung function from migrating L3

Answer 145

Mange - very common Lice (Haematopinus suis) - uncommon Ringworm - variable Erysipelas - same as commercial pigs Insect bites Greasy pig most common bacterial infection in skin folds Sunburn when insufficient mud/dust to cover in Zinc and vitamin B deficiencies causing parakeratosis Photosensitisation - can be indication of toxins e.g. parsley, ragwort Contact allergies - urine scald Old age alopecia Wounds

Answer 146

Joint issues - often obesity/age related, treat with anti-inflammatories and bedding Overgrown claws - need solid ground to walk on, trim Mild fractures - from nutritional deficiencies (calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, biotin) Infections - staph/strep, treat with penicillin and anti-inflammatories Erysipelas - common cause of stiffness that does not 'walk off'

Answer 147

Neck muscle 1.5in 16G for adult pigs 1in 18G for smaller pigs 1in 21G for piglets

Answer 148

Ketoprofen - oral and injectable Meloxicam - oral and injectable Tolfenamic acid - injectable Phenylbutazone - not licensed, must not enter human food chain

Answer 149

Erysipelas vaccination - twice a year Clostridial vaccination - twice a year Parasite control - Ivermectin twice a year Iron injection for piglets (depends on soil access)

Answer 150

Sedate heavily - beware priapism Use embryotomy wire Saw at diagonal as close to gum as possible No nerves in tooth itself and only blood is if gum caught Wire will get hot enough to burn - care Remove all at same time

Answer 151

In controlled environment at surgery not field if poss Sedate - Aseperone licensed IM (beware priapism) - Xylazine/butorphanol off licence Anaesthetic - Ketamine IV or IM - Pentobarbital not licensed or sterile, not to enter food chain - Inhalational Difficult to assess before induction (e.g. auscultation) - increased risk of anaesthetic death Plane of anaesthesia difficult to maintain due to fat distribution - will wake up quickly and walk off Surgical procedure similar to dog castration, slightly further caudal on edge of scrotum Tying off cord is personal preference - no need to suture skin incision if kept clean Analgesia - NSAIDs Antibiotics Poss risk of tetanus Scrotal hernias commonly discovered - correct while under GA

Answer 152

Gun (free bullet or captive bolt) - method of choice, beware rebound, good restraint required for captive bolt Barbiturate injection - usually owner preference, venipuncture not easy, can do intracardiac in small pigs, may need to sedate first with azeperone, ear veins easy to blow

Answer 153

International trade and animal/human welfare - devastating infectious disease, high mortality/morbidity, debility if survive, confusion of diagnosis Public health - zoonotic implications

Answer 154

``` FMD SVD Vesicular stomatitis Vesicular exanthema Seneca Valley A Virus Classical Swine Fever African Swine Fever Teschen Disease PED high path Aujeszky's Disease Brucella suis Anthrax Rabies ```

Answer 155

A Picorna virus 7 serotypes: O, A, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, Asia-1 Affects cloven hoofed livestock (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs) and wildlife (buffalo)

Answer 156

Highly contagious - rapid replication and short incubation, massive virus release, high susceptibility of hosts, several transmission routes

Answer 157

2-14 days Dose of virus which animal has been exposed to (longer incubation if low dose, shorter if high dose) Virus strain Route of infection

Answer 158

FMDV present in the fluid inside blisters, saliva, urine, dung, milk, exhaled air Also present in blood at the height of the disease Direct contact between infected and susceptible animals or from contaminated objects Indirect via: - Consumption of untreated contaminated meat products (swill feeding of pigs) - AI with contaminated semen - Inhalation of infectious aerosols - Airborne

Answer 159

24-48h | 3-5d personal quarantine to those exposed in research facilities

Answer 160

Pyrexia Sudden lameness - tendency to lie down and unwilling to move Formation of vesicles mostly on feet - upper edge of the hoof where the skin and horn meet Area above coronary band swollen, coronary band full of fluid Hot feet Vesicles on snout or tongue Large number of herd affected Reluctance to feed Abortion or sudden death in piglets

Answer 161

``` Other vesicular diseases: - Swine vesicular disease (SVD) - Vesicular exanthema (VE) - Vesicular stomatitis (VS) - Seneca Valley A virus Differentiate with lab test Chemical agents and trauma (cuts/bruising) - differentiated by the absence of vesicular lesions and high fever ```

Answer 162

Enterovirus Vesicles on feet mostly Occasionally vesicles on snout and other sites

Answer 163

Calicivirus Vesicles on snout, oral mucosa and feet Occasionally diarrhoea, abortions and agalactiae

Answer 164

Rhabdovirus Vesicles on feet, mouth, nostrils, snout and teats Humans are susceptible and can suffer an influenza like disease

Answer 165

Pircornaviridae family | Vesicles

Answer 166

Viral haemorrhage disease of suids Also infects Ornithodirus ticks in the wild Caused by a large, cytoplasmic dsDNA virus Only member of Asfarviridae family

Answer 167

Direct Indirect (feed, fomites) Ornithodirus ticks

Answer 168

``` Peracute form - sudden death with few signs Acute form: Death within a few days (mortality can reach 100%) Pyrexia (>41C) Anorexia, apathy, incoordination Vomiting and diarrhoea (may be bloody) Respiratory signs Conjuncitvitis Cyanosis of extremities Abortion No age dependency ```

Answer 169

``` Subacute and chronic forms Varied signs, often not specific Weight loss Reduced growth Lameness Respiratory signs Abortion Mortality rates depend on strain ```

Answer 170

Pestivirus (closely related to BVD and BDV) | Haemorrhagic disease

Answer 171

Vary depending on isolate, age of pig and herd immune status

Answer 172

``` Oral/oronasal route Mucous membranes Skin abrasions Aerosols Fomites Carrier animals ```

Answer 173

``` Pyrexia Weakness Anorexia Conjunctivitis Constipation followed by watery diarrhoea Vomiting Incoordination or unsteady gait Skin haemorrhages or cyanotic discolouration Death within 1-3 weeks Severe leukopenia ```

Answer 174

Similar to highly virulent but signs less severe | Course is prolonged and lower mortality rate

Answer 175

Chronic disease Varied signs Can resemble highly or moderately virulent strains with pigs then improving, followed by signs returning Can see wasting, reduced growth, skin lesions, immunosuprpession Breeding herds - may only see poor reproductive function

Answer 176

Other haemorrhage diseases of swine - ASF/CSF - lab test Septicaemia - Salmonella, Erysipelas, Pasteurellosis, Haemophilus Other causes of abortion - Aujeszky's, PRRS< Parvovirus Runting - PMWS, Campylobacter, Swine dysentery

Answer 177

PED type 1 - growing pigs | PED type 2 - all ages

Answer 178

Enterovirus (Teschovirus) Causes polioencephalomyelitis Talfan is mild form occasionally reported in UK High fever, incoordination, inappetence, tremors, convulsions, death All ages can be affected

Answer 179

Herpes virus - persistent infection | Windborne

Answer 180

``` Abortion storms Mummification Mild pyrexia Anorexia Vomiting ```

Answer 181

``` V+D progressing to nervous signs with pyrexia Incoordination Dog sitting muscle tremors Opisthotonus Convulsions Mortality reduces with age ```

Answer 182

Pyrexia Incoordination progressing to dog sitting, convulsions and death Pneumonia

Answer 183

Teeth reduction Tail docking Ear notching Castration

Answer 184

Clipping (risk of shattering) or grinding | Aim to just remove the points of the 8 deciduous teeth so cannot break skin and cause damage to each other and udders

Answer 185

Amputate to point where nerves are present so can feel sensation and will react if another piglet starts biting it, to reduce incidence (no nerves at end of tail)

Answer 186

Anaesthesia needed if > 7do Must be vet if > 7do Not allowed by Red Tractor

Answer 187

``` Hunger and thirst Discomfort Pain, injury and disease Fear and distress To express normal behaviour ```

Answer 188

``` Bright Responsive Eating/drinking well Quiet, settled breathing Normal colour/consistency of muck Normal urine Good skin and colour 'Barking' Normal temperature ```

Answer 189

A vet BPEX - emergency killing workshop Humane slaughter association On-Farm Killing of Red Meat Animals - Theory and Practice Suitably trained and experienced person as signed off by vet

Answer 190

``` Recorded and signed by Vet in VHP Or Declaration (by vet) of training on PIPR Or Recorded in farm training records (and signed by vet when assessed) ```

Answer 191

A named person must be responsible for euthanasia of stock on every RT site A competent and trained person should be available to attend the site within 60 mins 24/7/365 Only persons who have been formally trained, and assessed as competent may carry out euthanasia, from April 2014 Competence must be assessed as soon as possible after training Competence must be re-evaluated by the person responsible for euthanasia every 3 years

Answer 192

Killing must result in unconsciousness immediately and remain so until death All methods of stunning are followed by bleeding or pithing Animals must be restrained in an appropriate manner so as to avoid pain, suffering agitation, injury or contusion Method chosen must not endanger human life

Answer 193

In an emergency, a pig can be killed by any means that is effective and kills humanely without causing avoidable suffering

Answer 194

Electronarcosis Captive bolt Carbon dioxide

Answer 195

``` Shotgun Rifle Captive bolt followed by bleeding/pithing Free bullet humane killer Lethal injection External trauma ```

Answer 196

Injury Conditions/diseases unlikely to respond/not responding to treatment Runts - at time they are recognised to be potentially suffering Herniated pigs - at time they are recognised to be potentially suffering

Answer 197

Irreversible loss of all functions in the brainstem responsible for the control of respiration and circulation Loss of heart beat or breathing eventually leads to brain death from lack of oxygen Brain death leads to lack of spontaneous breathing which results in lack of oxygen to the heart and cardiac arrest

Answer 198

No licence required for emergencies Does not kill - must follow with another method to kill pig Must be restrained well - static health

Answer 199

Rapid acceleration of skull Lag of brain Brain strikes skull Sudden increase in intra-cranial pressure Disruption in normal electrical activity Damage to nerves and blood vessels from shearing forces, and actual bolt itself Length of time of unconsciousness depends on severity of damage

Answer 200

Correct positioning - site and angle Speed of bolt force - size of cartridge, correct maintenance of equipment A static head

Answer 201

Pig collapses immediately - tonic stage - stops breathing, becomes rigid with head raised, forelegs extended and hindlimb flexed - eyes fixed and immobile, staring with no blink reflex Pig moves into clonic phase - unconscious but muscles start to relax, then involuntary kicking occurs for 1-2 mins Watch out for recovery within 30-60 seconds Becomes ineffective as clonic activity fades and rhythmic breathing restarts, blink reflex returns and pain can be felt

Answer 202

Vigorous to-and-fro movements with pithing rod | Causes lack of oxygen to brain stem by blood loss from bleeding out

Answer 203

Fixed eye, no blink No signs of breathing Heart has stopped

Answer 204

Requires a licence or can be used under supervision | Use same point as for captive bolt or use ear base to opposite eye

Answer 205

Blunt trauma if under 5kg - hit with blunt object or against one Turkey stunner - needs proper restraint Barbiturate overdose - intracardiac/intraperitoneal Gassing (CO2)

Answer 206

Jugular or cranial vena cava - must restrain correctly e.g. with snitch Tail vein - not easy but small sample volumes Ear vein - very friable and collapse easily, very sensitive

Answer 207

``` Lawsonia intracellularis Brachyspira E. coli Clostridia Salmonella enterica Campylobacter ```

Answer 208

Obligate intracellular gram negative curved rod

Answer 209

Physical (objects), lying on rough surfaces Vices (biting) Vector driven (flies and lice) Infection (Bacterial, parasitic, viral, fungal) Congenital (epitheliogenesis imperfecta) Toxic (PDNS, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome)

Answer 210

Can lead to: - carcass condemnation - septicaemia - spinal lesions (from tail bites) - culling - death - welfare issue - checked for farm assurance

Answer 211

``` Septicaemia Greasy pig Swine pox Ringworm Treponema Sarcoptic mange ```

Answer 212

``` Salmonellosis Glasser's disease PRRS Swine fever Erysipelas ```

Answer 213

Haemophilus parasuis Attacks the smooth surfaces of the joints, coverings of the intestine, lungs, heart and brain Causes pneumonia, pericarditis, peritonitis, pleurisy Respiratory spread

Answer 214

Rare Can be congenital Limited significance unless associated with secondary greasy pig disease Confirmed by virus isolation but unrewarding

Answer 215

Mainly in growers and finishers Mortality around 15% Signs: - extensive greasy brown, purplish red slightly raised blotches of various sizes and shapes over the chest, abdomen, thighs and forelegs - majority of pigs that develop extensive skin blotching die - depressed, loss of appetite, fever, immobile/reluctant to move Can affect kidneys Cause: possibly Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2)

Answer 216

Likely secondary invaders of previous lesions Likely to prevent wound healing Mouths can also be positive Same species as in cows, sheep, goats, horses - risk of transmission Treatment and control currently unknown but likely similar to cattle Not associated with foot lesions in pigs

Answer 217

Shoulder sores: associated with weight loss during lactation, from rough surfaces Lower limb abrasions Stifle sores: mainly in fast growing finishers kept at high density with no bedding Teat necrosis in piglets: can affect future breeding potential, can stick tissue paper over from 6 teats at birth Treatment: remove from offending area, provide soft, comfortable bedding Other: - sunburn: blistering and ulceration - transit erythema: scalding by urine or chemicals - hyperkeratosis: water trough overhead leads to stagnant humid atmosphere, flaking of dorsal skin, no clinical importance

Answer 218

Who: - Testosterone driven males are notorious biters, but females do too - Tail biting common in finishers (3 times more common in undocked pigs) - vulva biting of sows in late pregnancy: may affect farrowing and mating and can cause prolapse and (rarely) lead to death Why: Competition for space, food, resources etc (particularly with intensive farming) Where: Flanks, ears, tails and vulva common biting sites Prevention: - Straw bedding - Toys (balls, CD’s hung on string) Farm assurance legislation now ensures that all pigs must have playthings in a pen which they can chew and destroy = ‘manipulative material’

Answer 219

Absence of epidermis or mucosal epithelium Congenital Commonly on legs or flanks Will heal slowly but may require sutures in severe cases Cull if very severe

Answer 220

Common in pigs 12-75kg but severe cases can occur in sows and their sucking piglets Incubation period = 7-14 days (can be up to 60 days) May develop a sub-clinical carrier state initially, then break down with clinical disease when under stress or change of feed (so can carry and shed bacteria without clinical signs) Recovered pigs develop a low immunity and rarely suffer the disease again High cost of disease associated with: - mortality (low) - morbidity (high) - depression of growth and feed conversion efficiency - costs of continual in-feed medication Bacteria will survive outside the pig for up to 7 weeks in cold moist conditions but it dies out in 2 days in dry warm environment Difficult to eradicate from a herd

Answer 221

Piglets: - severe acute dysentery - sloppy light brown faeces +/- mucous/blood - loss of condition Weaner and growers: - sloppy diarrhoea which stains the skin under the anus - initially light brown diarrhoea with jelly like mucus, then becomes watery and may contain blood - twitching of tail - hollowing of flanks with poor growth and loss of condition (loss of condition can occur rapidly over 2-3 days) - partial loss of appetite - slight reddening of the skin - dehydrated - gaunt appearance with sunken eyes - sudden death sometimes occurs, mainly in heavy finishers (with aggressive strains)

Answer 222

Neonatal scour Post weaning diarrhoea (ETEC) Oedema disease

Answer 223

May cause systemic infection in sows. especially outdoor-reared as likely source in soil Migration of bacteria from gut to  liver Toxins produced in liver causing necrotic or gangrene-like lesions May result in distinct ‘Aero Chocolate’ liver

Answer 224

Difficult as ubiquitous Mostly diagnosed at PM - gram staining of mucosal lesions Antibiotic therapy may be useful for C dificile and type A perfringens Therapy too late for type C as effects are irreversible once symptoms present Vaccines for perfringens and novyi but efficacy limited

Answer 225

C. coli or C. mucosalis can lead to porcine enteritis C. coli may also be carried without disease and a source of human campylobacteriosis C. coli causes 10% of human cases in UK

Answer 226

Rotavirus Coronavirus and TGE virus Porcine Circovirus

Answer 227

Diarrhoea (species-specific strains) dsRNA virus Four serogroups infecting pigs (A,B, C, E) Virus circulates in herds - 30% of sows excrete virus at farrowing and survives well in environment Pathogenesis: - Virus infects intestinal epithelial cells damaging  villus tips leading to enteritis and scour in piglets - Can be a co-infection with E. coli Diagnosis: - ELISA, IFAT Treatment and control: - Non specific - Dehydration is the main problem so hydration support - Hygiene improvement - Environmental control - reduce chilling - Vaccination: Serogroup A for sows -> maternal Ab and colostrum protection

Answer 228

Non enveloped DNA virus PCV1 largely avirulent PCV2 always associated with Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS) but not proven as causative agent Reproductive failure: mummification, non viable piglets at parturition Shed by boars at low amounts in semen for extended time periods Vertical transmission to foetuses during viraemia of dam Horizontal spread (inc intrauterine infected piglets that are clinically normal)

Answer 229

Prohibit unnecessary visitors Cleanse and disinfect any shared equipment before it enters and after it leaves the premises Make sure personnel in contact with pigs at other premises take standard precautions, such as cleaning and disinfecting boots and clothing Prevent people with flu-like symptoms coming into contact with pigs

Answer 230

The gap when passive (maternal) immunity declines, before adaptive innate and immunity have increased fully

Answer 231

Live attenuated vaccines for type 2 PRRSV Effective in reducing clinical signs and duration of shedding Not likely to completely prevent infection Safety problems - vaccine viruses persist in vaccinated pigs and can spread to unvaccinated pigs, reversion to virulent type possible

Answer 232

Single dose given to pigs from 2wo onwards Finishing pigs: single vaccination is sufficient for protection until slaughter Breeding pigs: - for gilts a (re)vaccination 2-4 weeks before mating is recommended - to maintain a high and homologous level of immunity, revaccination at regular intervals is recommended, either before each next gestation or at random at 4-month intervals - Pregnant sows should only be vaccinated after previous exposure to European PRRS virus Advised to vaccinate all target pigs within a herd from the earliest recommended age onwards Maternally derived antibodies may interfere with the response to vaccination. Newly introduced PRRS virus-naϊve animals (e.g., replacement gilts from PRRS virus-negative herds) should be vaccinated prior to pregnancy Porcilis PRRS must only be used in PRRS virus contaminated herds, where prevalence of European PRRS virus has been established through reliable diagnostic virological methods No data are available on the safety of the vaccine for the reproductive performance in boars It should not be used in herds where a PRRS eradication program based on serology has been adopted

Answer 233

``` Infected animals, including people, pigs and birds Carrier pigs Poss wind Waterfowl = reservoir Secondary bacterial infections Fluctuating temperatures Stress Wet bedding and floor surfaces Poor nutrition ```

Answer 234

Overcrowding and group sizes of >200 Variable temperatures and poor insulation Houses with poor hygiene and high levels of CO2 and ammonia High dust/bacteria levels in air Pig movement, stress and mixing Shortage of trough space Housing with continuous throughput of pigs Other concurrent diseases Poor nutrition Slatted floors and liquid waste

Answer 235

Pathogenesis: - colonises ciliated epithelium of respiratory tract - results in decreased mucociliary apparatus function and pneumonia PM findings: - typical gross lesions are a necrohemorrhagic pleuropneumonia in young pigs or a tan, firm bronchopneumonia in older pigs - acute form in neonates grossly resembles APP with a cranioventral distribution - more chronic form in nursery and grower pigs is very firm and tan with fibrosis Diagnosis: isolation of organism from nasal swabs, trachea, or lung Signs: - some strains cause a mild, non progressive rhinitis that heals spontaneously = no consequences - severe progressive rhinitis (atrophic rhinitis) if in combination with toxigenic Pasteurella Control: - Nasal vaccination = avirulent live culture for piglets, stimulates a secretory IgA response and blocks Bb receptor sites

Answer 236

Service of sow 2-3 times Farrows at 115 days Weaning at 3-4 weeks Sow commences heat at 6 months Pigs for meat slaughtered at 20-24 weeks

Answer 237

PRRSV (type 1 prevalent in Europe)

Answer 238

Arterivirus | Replicates in the perinuclear cytoplasm of host cells (primarily alveolar macrophages)

Answer 239

Transmission by inhalation, ingestion, coitus, skin damage and contaminated needles - > Replication in mucosal, pulmonary, or regional macrophages - > Regional lymph nodes and viraemia - > Systematic distribution to mononuclear cells and tissue macrophages - > Lysis of pulmonary alveolar macrophages and apoptosis of bystander cells - > Clinical disease

Answer 240

``` Sow: - abortion/premature farrowing - still borns/mummified - weak live borns (50% die soon after birth) - delayed return to service - fever - lethargy - pneumonia - agalactiae - red/blue discolouration of ears and vulva - death in rare cases Growers and finishers (usually subclinical infection): - destruction of macrophages - thickening of alveolar septa - minor heart and vessel lesions - respiratory signs if clinical e.g. fever, sneezing, dyspnoea, coughing, pneumonia, oculonasal discharge Boar: - fever - semen changes ```

Answer 241

Interstitial pneumonia

Answer 242

Mycoplasma enhances the pathological effects of PRRSV PRRSV enhances the pathological effects of Porcine Influenza virus PRRSV predisposes pigs to infection and disease caused by Streptococcus suis PRRSV can cause a loss of the bactericidal function of pulmonary intravascular macrophages

Answer 243

Serology - ELISA IF PCR

Answer 244

Spread in feed, by aerosol, or by Ornithodorus (soft tick) Asfivirus Causes fatal haemorrhagic disease of pigs Highly stable virus - survives well in meat No vaccine

Answer 245

3 days procaine penicillin

Answer 246

Deep IM cloprostenol sodium (prostaglandin) only when accurate service records are kept

Answer 247

Foetal malpresentation in anterior presentation | Use traction to extract foetus