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Pilots Cafe (Instrument Training) Flashcards

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1
Q

When is an instrument rating required?

A
  • When acting as PIC under IFR or in weather conditions less than prescribed for VFR (61.3)
  • When carrying passengers for compensation or hire on cross country flights in excess of 50nm or at night (61.133)
  • Flight in class A airspace (91.135)
  • Special VFR between sunset and sunrise (91.157)
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2
Q

To act as PIC

A

To act as PIC (61.56)
- Flight review 24 calendar months before the month of flight. Consists of 1 hour of flight training and 1 hour of ground training
- can be substituted by a proficiency check, practical test, WINGS program, flight instructor renewal
- A flight simulator or FTD may be used to meet the flight review requirements (part 142, same aircraft)

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3
Q

To carry passengers as PIC (61.57)

A

-3 takeoffs and landings in the same category, class, and type in the last 90 days
- Night, 3 takeoffs and landings 1 hour after sunset, 1 hour before sunrise. Full stop.

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4
Q

To act as PIC under IFR or in weather conditions less than VFR minimums (61.57(c))

A
  • Within the 6 calendar months preceding the month of flight, you performed or logged (in actual or simulated)
    ‘6HITS’
    6 instrument approaches
    Holding procedures and tasks
    Intercepting and tracking courses through the use of navigational electronic systems.
  • Additional 6 months to regain currency with safety pilot
  • If past additional 6 months Instrument proficiency check (IPC)
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5
Q

When can you log instrument time?

A

61.57
- A person may log instrument time only for that flight time when the person operate the aircraft solely by reference to instruments under actual or simulated instrument flight conditions
- An authorized instructor may log instrument time when conducting flight instruction in actual instrument flight conditions

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6
Q

What must be in an IPC?

A
  • Air traffic control clearances and procedures
  • Flight by reference to instruments
  • Navigation systems
  • Instrument approach procedures
  • Emergency operations
  • Post flight procedures
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7
Q

Logging Instrument Approach Procedures - Requirements

A
  • operate solely by reference to instruments
  • Be established on each required segment of the IAP down to its published minimums. (IE initial, intermediate, and final approach segments unless vectored to the approach
  • If in simulated, down to minimums
  • if in actual just need to start the FAF in IMC or go through a cloud on descent.
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8
Q

Personal documents required for flight

A

Medical
ID
Certificate

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9
Q

Aircraft documents required for flight

A

ARROW
Airworthiness certificate
Registration certificate
Radio station license
Operating limitations and information (AFM)
Weight and balance

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10
Q

Aircraft Maintenance inspections required

A

AAVIATES

Annual
ADs
Vor check (30 days)
100 hour inspection for hire
Altimeter and static system (24 calendar months)
Transponder (24 calendar months)
ELT (12 calendar months, 1 hour, 50% useful life)
STC (supplemental type certificate

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11
Q

When is an IFR flight plan required?

A

When under IFR in a controlled airspace.
Must file and receive appropriate clearance.

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12
Q

How to file an IFR flight plan?

A

FSS
phone (1800 wx brief)
over the radio (GCO/RCO)
in person
—–
Online
1800wxbrief.com
www.fltplan.com
—–
EFB
foreflight or garmin
—-
ATC
radio or phone
Pop up IFR clearance
—-
File 30 minutes before departure
Scheduled flights file 4 hours before departure

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13
Q

Pop Up IFR Clearance

A

-Can ask for one in VFR conditions
-Subject to ATC workload
-Must be at or above minimum IFR altitude or climb to it under VFR

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14
Q

How to cancel flight plans (AIM 5-1-15)

A

Towered - Automatically
Non-towered - Contact ATC/ FSS to cancel
A pilot may cancel IFR flight anytime out of IMC and out of Class A

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15
Q

Preferred IFR routes

A

Published in the Chart Supplement. The AIM recommends filing a preferred route if one is available. (AIM 5-1-6)

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16
Q

How do you know if an alternate destination is required? (91.169)

A

1-2-3 rule
A destination alternate is always required unless:
An instrument approach is published and available for the destination AND
1 hour before and 1 hour after the ETA
Ceilings 2000 ft
Visibility 3 sm

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17
Q

Minimum weather conditions required at an alternate

A

91.169
Precision - 600 ft ceilings, 2 sm
Non-precision - 800 ft ceilings, 2 sm
No instrument approach at alternate - ceiling and visibility must allow descent from MEA approach and landing under VFR

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18
Q

GPS considerations for filing an alternate

A

WAAS without Baro-VNAV - LNAV or circling minimums at the alternate

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19
Q

IFR cruising altitudes

A

91.179
Direction based on Magnetic Course
——
Below FL290
0-179 - odd thousand or flight level
180 - 359 - even thousand or flight level
——
Above FL290 (non RVSM)
0-179 - flight levels at 4k ft intervals starting at FL290 (290, 330, 370)
180 - 359 - Flight levels at 4k intervals starting at FL 310 (310, 350, 390)
——
FL 290 - FL 410 (in RVSM)
Becomes the same as below fl 290

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20
Q

IFR takeoff minimums (91.175)

A

Part 91 no minimus
for part 121, 125, 129, 135
- prescribed t/o minimums for the runway
If none
- 1-2 engines 1 sm visibility
- more than 2 engines 1/2 sm visibility

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21
Q

Departure Procedures (BASIC) (AIM 5-2-9)

A

Ensure obstacle clearance provided the aircraft
-crosses the departure end of the runway at least 35 agl
-reaches 400 agl before turning
climbs at least 200 ft/nm or as published on the chart
- Pilots are encouraged to file and fly a DP at night, during MVFR or in IMC

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22
Q

How do you convert FT/NM to FT/MIN

A

(Ground speed/ 60) * FT/NM = FT/MIN

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of DP

A

ODP (Obstacle Departure Procedure)
- provides obstacle clearance
- printed textually or graphically
- graphic ODP’s are titled OBSTACLE

SID (Standard instrument Departure)
- provides obstacle clearance and reduces pilot/ controller workload
- may include lost comms procedures
- always published graphically

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24
Q

What are the categories of DP’s based on required equipment

Study These Flashcards
A

Non- RNAV DP
- Uses ground based navigation
RNAV DP
- Require at least RNAV 1 performance
- Identified with the word RNAV in the title
RADAR DP
- Uses ATC radar vectors to a roue, NAVAID, or fix after departure
- Annotated RADAR REQUIRED

25
Diverse Departure Procedures
- If a runway fails to meet the diverse departure criteria, An ODP is developed Criteria: -40:1 (152 ft/nm) -expands until reaching 1,000 or 2,000 ft (non mountainous or mountainous - limited to 25 NM (NM)or 46 NM(MOUNTAINOUS) When departing with no ODP -35 ft at threshold -400 departure end of runway altitude before turning -Continue climbing to Minimum IFR altitudes
26
Diverse Vector Area
- Locations with an ODP - Available to allow radar vectors in lieu of the pilot flying the ODP - Allows atc to vector below Minimum vectoring altitude, or minimum IFR altitude immediately after takeoff - Found in "takeoff minimums and ODP" section of the TPP. It includes a statement that initial headings are provided by ATC and any applicable climb gradients
27
Climb Over Airport (VOCA)
- In VMC - Visually conducts climbing turns over the airport up to the published 'climb to' altitude, from which he proceeds to the instrument portion of the departure. - Designed to avoid obstacles beyond 3sm from the departure end of the runway as an alternative to complying with climb gradients greater than standard 200 ft/nm - advise ATC as early as possible of intentions - Published in the "Takeoff minimums and ODP" section of the TPP -May appear as an option on graphic ODPs
28
IFR Departure Clearance (AIM 5-2-6)
CRAFT Clearance limit Route Altitude Frequency Transponder Code Clearance Void Time- Time at which your clearance is void. Must notify ATC within 30 minutes after void time if not departed Hold for release - you may not take off until being released for IFR departure Release time - The earliest time the aircraft may depart under IFR Expect departure clearance time (EDCT) - A runway release time given under traffic management programs in busy airports. Aircraft are expected to depart on earlier and no later than 5 minutes from the EDCT Abbreviated departure clearance - "cleared ..... as filed ..."
29
Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR)
- Serves as a transition between enroute structure and a point from which an approach to landing can be made. - Transition routes connect enroute fixes to basic STAR procedure - uses conventional navaid or RNAV - Reduce pilot/controller workload - Minimize radio comms - Simplify clearance delivery - Do not descend until authorized by ATC (descend via)
30
Climb/Descent Clearances
Climb Via (SID name) -follow sid's altitudes and course (AIM 5-2-9 - comply with speed restrictions ----- Descend Via (STAR's name) - When IFR clearance includes a STAR maintain last assigned altitude until receiving authorization - Descend at pilot's discretion to meet all altitude and course restrictions - comply with all speed restrictions ------ Expect - not a clearance, used for planning purposes ------ Maintain - begin the climb or descent immediately when given a clearance to climb and maintain or descend and maintain. ----- Cross (fix) at (altitude) - climb/descend at pilot's discretion and comply with crossing restrictions
31
Cruise clearance
- allocates a block of airspace to the flight. (minimum IFR altitude to specified clearance) - you are free to climb and descend, but you must verbally report leaving altitude on descent and you can't return to it unless cleared. - Cruise clearance allows you to begin an approach at the destination without receiving an additional "cleared for approach" clearance. - IT does not allow descent in IMC under IFR minimum altitudes, nor does it imply ATC is exercising control over aircraft in class G airspace.
32
Minimum IFR altitudes (obstacle clearance)
(91.177) Except for takeoff or landing, or otherwise authorized by the FAA, no person may operate an aircraft under IFR below - Minimum altitude prescribed for the flown segment, or if none - Mountainous areas: 2k feet above highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 4nm from the course - Non-mountainous areas: 1k feet above the highest obstacle within 4nm course
33
IFR minimum fuel requirements
(91.167) departure => destination => alternate (if required) + 45 min cruise
34
DA / DH
On a vertically guided approach, the altitude above the threshold at which the pilot decides to continue or go around
35
MAA
Maximum authorized altitude
36
MCA
Minimum crossing altitude -the lowest altitude at certain fixes that an airplane must cross when flying in the direction of a higher MEA
37
MDA / MDH
Minimum Descent Altitude - the LOWEST height above the runway threshold which descent is authorized on a non-precision approach until the pilot can have visual contact with the airport environment
38
MEA
Minimum Enroute Altitude -The lowest altitude (MSL) between radio fixes which assures ACCEPTABLE NAVIGATIONAL SIGNAL COVERAGE and meets the OBSTACLE CLEARANCE requirements. - a MEA gap established an area of loss in navigational coverage and annotated "MEA GAP" on IFR charts
39
MOCA
*11000 Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude (on a route) -Lowest published altitude that meets obstruction clearance and assures acceptable signal coverage only within 22 NM of a VOR
40
MORA
Minimum off route altitude (JEPPESEN) - Route MORA provides obstruction clearance within 10 NM to either side of airway centerlines and within a 10nm radius at the ends of airways - Grid MORA provides obstruction clearance within a latitude/longitude grid block
40
MRA
Minimum Reception Altitude - The lowest altitude on an airway segment where intersection can be determined using radio navigational aids
41
MTA
Minimum Turning Altitude -Provides vertical and lateral obstacle clearance in turns over certain fixes annotate with the MCA X icon and a note describing the restriction
42
MVA
Minimum Vectoring Altitude - The lowest altitude at which an IFR aircraft will be vectored by a radar controller, except as otherwise authorised for radar approaches, departures, and missed approaches. - MVA's may be lower than the minimum altitudes depicted on aeronautical charts, such as MEAs or MOCAs
43
OROCA
Off Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude - Provides obstruction clearance with a 1,000 ft buffer (non mountainous) or 2,000 ft (mountainous) - May not provide navigation or communication signal coverage
44
Indicated Altitude
Uncorrected altitude indicated on the dial when set to local pressure settings
45
Pressure Altitude
Altitude above the standard 29.92 datum plane. (QNE) - Used when flying above the transition altitude (FL 180)
46
Density Altitude
Pressure altitude corrected for non standard temperatures
47
True Altitude
Actual altitude above Mean Sea Level (MSL)
48
Absolute Altitude
Height above airport elevation (QFE)
49
Indicated Airspeed
(IAS) - Indicated on the airspeed indicator
50
Calibrated Airspeed
(CAS) Indicated airspeed corrected for instrument and position errors
51
Equivalent Airspeed
(EAS) Calibrated corrected for compressibility error
52
True Airspeed
(TAS) Actual speed through the air. -TAS and calibrated airspeed corrected for non standard temperature and pressure.
53
Ground Speed
Actual airspeed over the ground -True Airspeed corrected for wind conditions
54
Additional required equipment for IFR flight
GRABCARDD -Generator -Radio (and suitable navigation equipment for route to be flown) -Altimeter (sensitive) -Ball Inclinometer (slip skid) -Clock (h, m, s, fixed to cockpit) -Attitude indicator -Rate of turn indicator -Directional Gyro (Heading Indicator) -Dme or suitable Rnav equipment above fl 240
55
VOR (basic facts)
Very High Omni directional Range - Full scale deflection is 10 degrees - Standard service volumes do not apply to published routes - must verify correct and usable VOR station with morse ID before using it - The MON is always available within 100 NM anywhere in the US - Limitations Cone of confusion, Reverse Sensing, Line of Sight
56
VOR Receiver Checks
Every 30 calendar days +- 4 +- 6 airborne checkpoints Above prominent ground landmark on a selected radial at least 20 nm from a vor flying at a "reasonable low altitude" +- 6 -DEPS Date Error Place Signature
57
VOR Service Volumes
Terminal (T) 1k - 12k 25 NM radius Low (VL) 1k - 18k 40 NM radius (new) 5k- 18k 70 NM radius High (VH) 1k - 14.5k 40 NM radius (new) 5k - 14.5k 70 NM radius 14.5k - 18k 100 NM radius 18k - 45k 130 NM radius 45k - 60k 100 NM radius
58

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