Pink summary book 3/3

Question 1

ways to raise BP

Answer 1

• IV fluids
• cortisol replacement e.g. addisonian crisis
• dopamine (ITU)
  
  • alpha-adrenoreceptor agonist

Question 2

CABG

Answer 2

coronary artery bypass graft

Question 3

enteresto

Answer 3

neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril (inhibits the breakdown of BNP)

+

Valsartan

Question 4

cardiac cachexia

Answer 4

severe weightloss caused by heart disease

requires nutritional supplementation

Question 5

uppe rlove diversion

Answer 5

reflects elevation of left atrial pressuee-→ early sign of pulmonary oedema

Question 6

kerley B lines

Answer 6

pulmonary oedema due to HF

These are thin lines 1-2 cm in length in the periphery of the lung(s). They are perpendicular to the pleural surface and extend out to it

Question 7

atrial flutter causes

Answer 7

smoking

obesity

binge drinking

Question 8

Atrial flutter on ECG

Answer 8

irregularly irregular

sawtooth P waves

Question 9

why may oral diuretics not work in HF e.g. ascites

Answer 9

reduced blood conc of drug due to the drugs distributing into ascitic fluid –→ give IV fluids

Question 10

ches pain differentials

Answer 10

• angina
• acs
• MI
• pleuritic chest pain
• tension pneumo
• rib fracture
• pericarditis
• AAA
• PE
• pneumonia
• GORD

Question 11

causes of palpitations

Answer 11

AF

hrart block

anxiety

sepsis

HTN

Question 12

talking about palpitations in history

Answer 12

ask pt to tap out heart beat

how long do they last

does anything else happen

regular or irregular

how do you stop them

Question 13

atrial fibrillation causes

Answer 13

alcohol hyperthryoidism

high BM

sleep apnoea

COPD

+75

Question 14

presenic complaints in cardiology

Answer 14

• chest pain
• intermittent claudication
• SOB
• cough
• sleep
• oedema
• syncope
• palpitations

Question 15

syncope differntials

Answer 15

low BP

vasovagal

non epileptic + epileptic

cardiac syncope

Question 16

syncope questions

Answer 16

pre syncope

what were you doing

how did you feel before

during

do you remember it

fit?

tongue biting?

continence

after

how quick did you recover

witnessed?

Question 17

cardiac collapse

Answer 17

sudden

spontaneous

quick recovery

Question 18

cardiac collapse

Answer 18

sudden

spontaneous

quick recovery

Question 19

charcots foot

Answer 19

weaking of the bones in the foot in those with neuropathy

-→ weak enough to fracture e.g. foot changes shape

→ diabetic foot

Question 20

if joint visible in diabetic foot give

Answer 20

4-6 weeks flucloxacillin

Question 21

how does DM causes diabetic foot ulcers

Answer 21

1. neuropathy (motor, sensory, autonomic)
2. trauma
3. vascular disease (microvascular and macrovascular)

Question 22

microvascular disease

Answer 22

nephropathy

neuropathy

retinopathy

Question 23

macrovascular disease

Answer 23

cerebrovascular (stroke)

cardiovascular

peripheral arterial disease

Question 24

to improve fluid in wound of diabetic foot

Answer 24

give diuretic

Question 25

fasting bloo glucose

Answer 25

2-6 mmol/l

Question 26

random bloo glucose

Answer 26

2.5-11 mmol/l

Question 27

HbA1c

Answer 27

\<6.5%

Question 28

hypoglycaemia

Answer 28

\<4 mmol/l

Question 29

endocrine tissue

Answer 29

pituitary adrenal pancreas thyroid

Question 30

pituitary conditions

Answer 30

can be micro or macro PP * DI * prolactinoma AP * ACTH * acromegaly * TSH

Question 31

pancreas conditions

Answer 31

DM ½

Question 32

adrenal conditions

Answer 32

* cushings * addisons * aldosteronism * phaechromotoma

Question 33

thyroid conditions

Answer 33

hypo and hyper thyroidims

Question 34

albinisms sign

Answer 34

lack of pigment nystagmus

Question 35

DI can e bothq

Answer 35

central (PP) or renal (nephrogenic\_

Question 36

signs of prolactinoma

Answer 36

* galactorrhea * breast tenderness * ammenorhea * migraines * reduced libido investigations * x 3 prolactin * MRI pit

Question 37

acromegaly

Answer 37

to measure GH measure IGF-1 (will be high due to impaired glucose tolerance) * do glucose tolerance test

Question 38

growth hormone defifinecy

Answer 38

* shortened stature * isolated i.e. jusy GH affected * can affect other pit isorders

Question 39

some normal causes of low testosterone

Answer 39

increased BMI and diabetes

Question 40

if low testosterone

Answer 40

look at LH and FSH

Question 41

women with low LH/FSH may just be on the contraceptive pill

Question 42

pituitary tumour signs

Answer 42

bitemptoal hemianopia hypopituitism headache

Question 43

D2A

Answer 43

discharge to assess

Question 44

TTO

Answer 44

to take out a form filled out for all pts being dischared

Question 45

A/W

Answer 45

admitted with

Question 46

W/R

Answer 46

ward round

Question 47

ANTT

Answer 47

antispetic non-touch technique

Question 48

TOE

Answer 48

trans oesophageal echocardiogram