placental pathologies

Question 2

placental pathologies

What are placenta pathologies

think this acronym:

• P
• A
• A
• I

Answer 2

• Placenta praevia
• Placenta accreta
• Placental abruption
• Placental insufficiency

Question 3

placental pathologies

What is placenta praevia (pathology) and what is the risk

think about the placenta being to close to an os (one of : internal or external) for first part

for second part think haemorrhages

Answer 3

• Placenta too close/blocks the internal os of cervix
• meaning there is a risk of haemorrhage before/during birth

Question 4

placental pathologies

What is placent accreta (pathology) and what is the risk

for first part, think placenta growing too deep in a layer of uterine wall

for second part, think of haemorrhages when something tries to detac from something in birth

Answer 4

• Placenta grows too deep into uterine wall myometrium and strongly attaches to myometrium.
• meaning risk of haemorrhage when placenta tries to detach from uterine wall in birth

Question 5

placental pathologies

What are 2 other versions of placenta accreta and what happens?

for first one think “in”, and think about what this can indicate

for second one think “Per”, and think about placenta attaching to other things then the uterine wall

Answer 5

Placenta increta: even deeper attachment to the myometrium

Placenta percreta: placenta grows through myometrium, meaning there is risk of it attaching to other pelvic structures like the bladder

Question 6

placental pathologies

What is placental abruption (pathology) and what is the risk

think detachment of placenta from uterus for first part

for risk think haemorrhages

Answer 6

Early detachment of placenta from uterus, meaning there is a risk of haemorrhage before or during childbirth

Question 7

placental pathologies

What is Placental Insufficiency (pathology) and what does it result in

for first part think lack of a food and a gas the fetus needs

for result think about birth weight

Answer 7

Placenta is unable to supply enough nutrients and oxygen for fetal growth, resulting in low birth weight

Question 8

twins and their fetal membranes

Outline 2 things that define what dizygotic twins (non-identical twins) are

for first thing think about zygotes and implantation sites

for second thing think about placent and fetal membranes

Answer 8

• Two fetilised zygotes implant the uterus at separate sites (non-identical twins).
• Each have their own placenta and fetal membranes (both chorion and amnion)

Question 9

twins and their fetal membranes

Outline what monzygotic twins (identical twins) are

think what happens to zygote

think about similarity of placenta and fetal membrane arrangement between monzygotic and dizygotic twins

Answer 9

• Zygote splits into 2
• placenta and fetal membranes are arranged the same as dizygotic twins

Question 10

conjoined twins

When would conjoined twins occur

think inner cell mass

Answer 10

If the inner cell mass (embryoblast) doesn’t separate completely

Question 11

Give 2 scenarios of the extent of shared tissue between conjoined twins and what this results in clinically

for scenario 1:

• think tissue like skin and muscle
• for clinical result think surgery after birth

for scenario 2:

• think fusion of body parts like head and thorax and sharing of organs.
• for clinical result think loss of life

Answer 11

Scenario 1: all that is shared is thin tissue bridge of skin and muscle , so this can be surgically incised after birth (eg at abdominal wall)

Scenario 2: complex fusion of body regions occurs such that head and thorax share organs, meaning surgical separation cannot be possible without the loss of a life.

Question 12

conjoined twins

What are parasitic twins

think about:

• protrusion of something from a “host” twin
• think about which “twin” is viable

Answer 12

A smaller but complete portion of a body protrudes from the normal host twin
Only the host twin is viable ( can survive on their own)