Plant Flashcards

Question

Sporophyte-dominant life cycle

Answer 1

Spores(n)—mitosis—gametophyte(n)—mitosis—mature gametophytes—egg/sperms—fertilization—**zygote (2n)**—sporophyte(2n)—mature sporophyte(2n)—meiosis—spores

Answer 2

Hybridization play a major role in fern evolution Today: Roots similar to seed plants Leaves produce spores 25-30% ferns live on other plants Bioremediation: ferns can bioaccumulate heavy metals in their leaves

Answer 3

Extant: not extinct

Answer 4

Light and UV Water (drought and flood) Temperature (high, low, variable) Ice Wind Nutrient availability Salt Metals Herbivores Pathogens

Answer 5

Include both gymnosperms and angiosperms Innovations: woods, seeds, and pollen Woods: building strength and get big & tall

Answer 6

Why they can make up today’s coal bed, didn’t decay? Lignin evolve before the evolve of the organisms can breakdown the lignin

Answer 7

Tree: Single stem &branching &canopy Stricter definition of tree: has wood and increases in girth干围 “Tree” is not a single taxonomic group—all are seed plant but not all seed plants are trees

Answer 8

Vascular cambium Produce new xylem tissue and phloem tissue, Xylem: move water/nutrients up, phloem: moves sugars up and down Live and dead xylem accumulate to form wood Build support(girth) as they build height Larvae eat phloem and xylem can kill the tree cuz this will blocking the transport of fixed carbon from the leaves to all of the other tissues in the plant

Answer 9

Spores are different size Small: microspores go onto become pollen Big: megaspores go onto ovule with egg, not exposed to air, desiccation resistant, male gametophyte has to burrow to access female gametophyte

Answer 10

Spores evolve into pollen grains • Tiny male gametophyte(2 to 3 cells)in tough coat • Germinates->pollen tube • Sperm cells swim down pollen tube to ovule Pollen grain allowed efficient reproduction in dry habitats •Can be exposed to air for long periods without drying out • Carried to female gametophyte by wind or animals

Answer 11

Fertilized ovule—seed Outer tissue becomes the protective seed coat Seed grows and is provisioned提供 with energy by the mother plant (but no fruit!) Cones open when seeds are mature to release for dispersal

Answer 12

See slides Gymnosperm: naked seed, include conifers, no fruit and flower

Answer 13

Cycads: -Slow growing and long lived (up to 1000 yr) -Large part of diet of some herbivorous dinosaurs - Separate male & female plants: cones either produce pollen (male) or ovules (female) - Still have motile sperm Ginkgos: Closest living relaDve is a cycad! “Living fossil” Only 1 extant species (wild but endangered in China, grown globally) All other relatives (same order) are extinct! Been alone for 3+ million years Only seed Conifers: Most diverse group of extant gymnosperm All are woody and cone-bearing, most are tree Dominate world’s largest forest biome Pine: cold—thick bark厚树皮, cones shelter seed/snow—cone shaped, down-facing and flexible branches/dry—thin waxy needles, dense to reduce wind

Answer 14

Cool down the city(urban heat island effect), but need to be more than 40% Make temperature increase because give dark color on snow to absorb heat

Answer 15

when one lineage produces an unusually large number of descendant species adapted to many habitats Associated with 3 key adaptations: 1. More efficient xylem 2.flowers 3.fruits Enable angiosperms to transport water, pollen & seeds efficiently *Flowers associated with speciation.* hardest step of speciation=reproductive isolation, flowers directly involved in mating and mate-choice

Answer 16

Contain the reproductive organs: female parts (carpel), male parts (stamen), or both • ♀: ovules develop in the ovary • ♂: pollen grains develop in the anther Later, plants enclosed carpels & stamens in petals which evolved from leaves Highly diverse

Answer 17

Pollen transfer from another to compatible, receptive stigma Outcross pollination=pollen & stigma on different plants Pollen land on wrong stigma is wasted, therefore have adaptations improve the chances of getting on the right pollen grains About 80% of angiosperms use animal pollinators

Answer 18

Floral traits can: • attract good pollinators • deter non-pollinating visitors • manipulate visitor behaviour to maximize pollen transfer Almost any floral trait can affect pollination, including: • Colour • Scent • Shape • Markings (including UV-visible) • Position • Pollinator rewards (nectar, heat) • Flowering time (day, night, season) Simple changes in flowers can lead to pollinator shifts

Answer 19

After fertilization ovary tissue ripens—fruit Most seed-dispersal structures develop from overly wall and/or ovary tissue Protect developing seed Seed dispersal

Answer 20

Not all fruits are meant to be eaten Can dispersal by: -Wind -Animal fur -Explosion -Water But some are meant to be eaten: Animal eats fruit, seeds pass through gut, pooped out in new place Or hidden and forgotten (squirrels)

Answer 21

Monocots & dicots Monocotyledons (all grasses, corn, wheat, sugarcane, oats, rice), have lost some features like wordiness Dicotyledons(bigger plants, everything else, including major food crops) Monocots monophyletic, dicots paraphyletic, monocots evolved from dicots

Answer 22

- Plants produce multiples of most morphological structures, that can take each other’s place - Can create vastly different structures with the same tissue or analogous structures via different pathways/tissues - Especially notable in angiosperms - Allow huge flexibility for individuals and evolutionary lineages

Plant Flashcards

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