Vertebrate Animal Flashcards

Question

Reasons to move on land

Answer 1

Selective pressure: Drought ~400 mya——water became shallow, with low dissolved oxygen 1. More oxygen on land 2. Increased competition in water 2. New food resources on land 3. No vertebrate predators on land

Answer 2

Advantages: More oxygen Disadvantages: -Availability of water- less moisture on land -Less density on land- cannot float -Stability of temperature- more stable in water -amount of UV radiation- more UV radiation on land

Answer 3

-Air: higher concentration of oxygen -Gases diffuse faster in air External gills Internal gills Lungs Tracheae

Answer 4

Lung from lobe-finned fishes, evolve to guts, and finally lung Why do we choke? The pathway for food and the pathway for air have overlap area. Food sometimes can block the air pathway

Answer 5

1. water needed to prevent desiccation • need to stay moist • most require water for fertilization & larval development 2. air is less dense than water • require stronger skeletal support, muscles • require more energy, more O2 brought in & distributed 3. air temperature is more variable • body temperature will fluctuate more • need to modify behavior or physiology 4. UV radiation more intense on land • need physical protection or change behavior

Answer 6

Evolve stronger limbs, vertebral column, ribs——hold your body Tiktaalik

Answer 7

-Stronger limbs and girdles, vertebral column, ribs -Tail used for balance, not swimming -Lungs were primary respiratory organ -External & internal nostrils (nares) Lchthyostega

Answer 8

Solution of require more energy, more oxygen Fish: 2-chambered heart, single circuit citrculation Amphibians **Positive pressure breathing**: 3 chambered heart Double circuit of blood flow Advantages: blood under higher pressure, repressurize Disadvantages: blood is mixed

Answer 9

**Positive pressure breathing-Amphibians** Inhalation is 2 step process 1.Air is drawn into nostrils while mouth & glottis remain closed. Outer higher, gas go in. 2. Nostrils close, glottis opens and air forced into lungs. Mouth higher, lung lower. **Negative pressure breathing-Human** Boyle’s Law-volume increase, pressure decrease Air go from high pressure to low pressure Gases enter: volume of cavity increases, air pressure decreases, outer higher Gases exit: volume of cavity decreases, air pressure increases, inner higher

Answer 10

~6000 species First tetrapods Fresh water & terrestrial (dependent on water) Smooth, moist skin (glands) Carnivores Teeth

Answer 11

Larve: similar as fish Gills 2-chambered heart herbivorous most undergo metamorphosis Adults: Lungs 3-chambered heart Carnivores

Answer 12

1.Salamanders (Urodela) – some have internal fertilization – some never leave water 2.Frogs and toads (Anura) – has the most species – typically have loud courtship calls to females 3. Caecilians (worm like, can be highly toxic, most time in water or underground, baby eat mom’s skin for nutrition) – have lost appendages (limbs) – internal fertilization Newts: -some are highly toxic -Some region: co-evolution with Garter snake (resistant to the toxin), newts are really toxic -other places: newts not that toxic, snakes cannot resist these toxin

Answer 13

2 extreme strategies: 1.Produce billions of offspring, provide no care, hope some will survive 2.Produce 1 offspring, care for it until maturity Most amphibians provide little parental care to their young

Answer 14

Reptiles, like fish, is not monophyletic. Birds are not called reptiles, but actually they are in the same evolutionary group

Answer 15

Misnomer-fully terrestrial, because some species are living in the water except laying eggs More efficient heart Special nitrogenous waste Amniotic egg Skin is waterproofed(beta-keratin) Only breath with lung

Answer 16

Fish: 2-chambers heart, single circuit Amphibians: 3-chambers heart, 2 circuit allow re-pressurize blood BUT single ventricle, mixing the deoxygenated and oxygenated blood **Reptiles**: 3-chambers heart, 2 circuit(some have the 3rd circuit, to breath underwater, blood does not go to lung) **a septum between the 2 ventricles, partially divided heart** Crocodilians have fully divided ventricles: 4 -chambers heart Birds and mammals: completely separate 2 circuit, 4-chambers heart Human fetus also have shunts like reptiles

Answer 17

Egg surrounded by extra-embryonic membranes -Leathery or brittle (CaCO3) -Permeable to gases & water, to allow gas exchange, the egg cannot be submerged -not present in therian mammals Egg structure: Outside: Albumen-provide support Several membranes: -Allantois: contains waste -Amnion:contains embryo -Yolk sac: provide nutrients -Chorion: allow gas exchange

Answer 18

1.**internal fertilization** shell & albumen are added to the fertilized egg in the female’s oviduct 2.**non-toxic nitrogen waste product is required** uric acid

Answer 19

-Salts and ions -Water -Fecal matter(form digestive system) Nitrogenous wastes: Product of protein & DNA metabolism Released by excretory organs(kidneys), skin and gills -Ammonia(NH3): Soluble in water, but toxic-need to convert to less toxic form Things live in water -Urea: Soluble in water, medium toxicity Less water needed for disposal cartilaginous fish, most adult amphibians, mammals -Uris acid Insoluble in water, not toxic, little water need for disposal Insect, reptiles, birds Perfect for amniotic egg

Answer 20

Kidney Regulate levels of water and dissolved solutes in blood to form urine blood go to glomerulus, forces out small molecule in to Bowman’s capsule, go down, capillaries suck the glucose and urea back

Answer 21

Lepidosauria-lizards and snakes Tuataras Testudinia-turtles Crocodilia- alligators, crocodiles

Answer 22

~ 6,000 species -mostly terrestrial -carnivores, herbivores, omnivores -dry skin, scales -first amniotes

Answer 23

Turtles and Tortoises The dorsal and ventral bony plates form a shell. Dorsal shell is an expansion of the ribs. Most are aquatic, some terrestrial. Sea turtles come ashore to lay eggs.

Answer 24

Crocodilians: crocodiles, caimans, gharials, and alligators -Spend much of their time in water (nest on land or floating piles of vegetation -All are carnivorous

Answer 25

Squamates: lizards and snakes All skin covered with horny scales gas exchange only through the lung

Answer 26

Resemble lizards have several different characters; only two species survive, and now only one left -nocturnal -well-developed parietal eye: sensitive to light like another sense

Answer 27

Highly diverse Some lost leg (limbs) Gecko Komodo dragon can gets to 3 m long

Answer 28

limb girdles much reduced– no legs except in Bipes • eyes are reduced, no ear opening • scales fused into rings (annuli) encircling the body

Answer 29

no limbs 200+ highly kinetic skull-dislocate jaw vomeronasal organ (in other organisms too)

Answer 30

Shared features with dinosaur • bipedal, 3 hind toes • carnivorous • 4-chambered heart • similar lungs • feathered • hollow bones • parental care of eggs and juveniles Archaeopeteryx Feathers & wings-bird characters Teeth & bony tail-non-avian characters

Answer 31

Diverse ~9600 species **amniotes Endothermic 4-chambered heart(completely separate circuit)** Feathers Most fly **Diverse beak shows diverse diet**

Answer 32

Ectotherms Absorb heat from external environment Endotherms Generate our internal heat through metabolic processes Less efficient at transforming energy (eg. convert food to ATP)

Answer 33

Endotherms (generate own heat, but not always keep body temperature constant) Heterotherms (body temperature fluctuate) Homeotherms (keep body temperature constant) Ectotherms (rely on external heat)

Answer 34

1. behavioral • orientation relative to heat source, basking, huddling & varying contact with heat surface • moving locations throughout day 2.physiological • too hot: increase blood flow to periphery, sweating, panting • too cold: decrease blood flow to periphery, shiver 3.physical • insulation (fur, feathers, fat) • surface area: volume • colour

Answer 35

Lizard’s microhabitats Morning: bask on the rock Middle of the day: go down to burrows to cool down Although it is ectothermic but body temperature remain relatively constant Penguins huddle

Answer 36

Example: human thermostat negative feedback system in hypothalamus – if temperature is too high: sweat – evaporative cooling – if temperature is too low: shiver – generate metabolic heat

Answer 37

Example: amount of fur, fat, surface area Jack rabbit and arctic hare

Answer 38

Conter-current heat exchange Brown adipose tissue

Answer 39

Flying and endothermy need high amount of oxygen Unidirectional flow of air through lungs 8-9 air sacs Ventilation in birds: -Breath 1: air breathe in to the posterior air sacs, as breathe out, air go into lung -Breath 2: when breath in, air go into the anterior air sacs from lungs, as breathe out, air goes out Birds exchange 100% of air in their lungs every time

Answer 40

4 independent evolution of flight Gliding is not fly, it’s due to convergent evolution

Answer 41

1.Hollow bones 2.Sternum enlarged and keeled-increase surface area for attachment of large flight muscles 3.Feathers

Answer 42

Function: insulation, flight, sensory, lining nests composed of beta-keratin, shows derived from scales, most birds have reptile-like skin on leg

Answer 43

Ground-up Using wing to take off the ground for the ground reaction force off their feet which increases speed At first, wings is using to improve speed and leaping

Answer 44

1.hair Insulation, camouflage, sensory and defense Independent evolution of hair and feathers 2.sweat glands 3. Mammary glands Milk production

Answer 45

A traditional way to identify different groups Mammals have a single hole in the skull, so that muscles can come through the jaw and then attach the skull

Answer 46

Middle ear bone is derived from the skull (jaw part), and the bone in the jaw is derived from gill arches

Answer 47

Mammals did not radiate until extinction of the “dinosaurs”, coexisted with “saurs” Mammals who lived with “saurs” were not so wussy after all Back to the Sea: multiple separate origins of extant marine mammals Ambulocetus is the possible ancestor to whales or evolution cousin of whales. Ear(can hear under water) and teeth similar.

Answer 48

Cenozoic (66MYA to now) Megatherium: herbivorous Smilodon: saber-toothed cat

Answer 49

Endothermic 4 chambered heart Advanced nervous system Internal fertilization **Heterodonty**-different teeth specialized for different tasks (unique feature for mammal)

Answer 50

1.Prototherians Lay egg, incubate egg until hatching 2.Marsupials Pouched 3.Eutherians Embryo retained in female reproductive tract

Answer 51

Unique features: 1.Lay shell eggs 2.Have mammary glands (no nipples, young suck milk from fur) **Platypus**-eastern Australia use bill dig for prey (worms) 2-4 egg, hatch 8day, nurse 5 months Only venomous mammal (spur on back leg) **Venomous: have toxin, inject to you; Poisonous: make you sick if eat it** **Echidna** Fully terrestrial, lay external eggs, hatch 8 days, in pouch spines form ~3 weeks, live ~50 years Sticky tongue

Answer 52

-Viviparous, nurse with placenta -Short gestation(birth after short internal development), long nursing period -Newborns crawl over mother’s body to pouch, attach to nipple in pouch, until complete development Kangaroo Tasmanian devil Possum Tasmanian Tiger Marsupial evolution: convergent evolution with other mammal

Answer 53

94% of species Viviparous Embryo nourished by mother via placenta (amniotic egg remain in female’s reproductive tract) Eutherians often referred to as placental animals but some marsupials have placentas

Answer 54

Organ formed by the embryo & mother after implantation -formed by extraembryonic membranes & uterus lining of mother -**site of gas(O2, CO2), nutrient, waste(urea), hormones, and also other things(alcohol & drug) exchange between mother and embryo (small molecules move via diffusion) -2 separate blood system, no mixing of blood cells or plasma** -produces hormones necessary to maintain pregnancy

Answer 55

- Arboreal ancestor - Grasping limbs with opposable thumb - Forward-facing eyes: depth perception - Big Cerebrum - Highly social: reduced brood size and extended parental care

Answer 56

Prosimians Anthropoids

Answer 57

- Mostly arboreal & noctural - now just Madagascar (lemurs) & Africa/SE Asia Tarsiers - phylogenetic position uncertain, might paraphyletic with prosimians - Among the smallest primates - The only entirely carnivorous primate

Answer 58

**Prehensile tail**: tail used to grasp and hold object -not present in Old World monkeys, present in most New world monkeys New World monkeys also have flat noses & tend to be arboreal

Answer 59

Lack tails • **Gibbons**: smaller than other apes, mostly arboreal • **Orangutangs**: too large to cross tree by the branches, must go down to the ground • **African Apes** (incl. gorillas, chimpanzees, and hominids)

Answer 60

all extinct Brains ~35% size of modern human brain Lucy Bipedalism evolved before brains fully evolved

Answer 61

Homo habilis - in Africa, 2.5-1.5 MYA - first tool use 2 MYA - Shorter jaw, bigger brain Homo erectus —“standing” - first leave Africa (spread to Eurasia) - first fire use -1.6 MYA – 250,000 YA - As large as modern humans, but smaller brain, thick skull

Answer 62

Homo neanderthalensis • coexisted w/ H. sapiens • disappeared ~30,000 YA, possibly due to extermination by H. sapiens • short, stalky but powerful build • similar brain size with H. sapiens, but less smart Homo sapiens • ~0.2 MYA also arose in Africa • also spread out of Africa across Eurasia and to rest of world • Larger brains than early species, favouring increasingly complex social life

Answer 63

1. Central Nervous System (CNS) 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 64

Enlarged in primates 2 hemisphere: Left control right, right control left **Cerebral cortex**: top layer, rich in cell bodies, grooves and ridges increase surface area - Frontal lobe: personality - Temporal lobe: facial recognition, hearing - Parietal lobe: language on the left, spatial and visual on the right - Occipital lobe: vision center

Answer 65

-Cerebellum: coordination of complex motor patterns -Brain stem: information relay, autonomic control of heart, lungs, digestive system -Diencephalon: control of homeostasis, information relay

Answer 66

Include amygdala (emotion center), hippocampus and nucleus accumbens Responsible for basic physiological drives like hunger, thirst, emotions, long-term memory

Vertebrate Animal Flashcards

(90 cards)