Plant

Question 1

What is the function of guard cells?

Answer 1

Control the opening and closing of stoma, which can prevent water loss.

Question 2

What is the structure of the lower epidermis?

Answer 2

A single layer of cells containing few or no chloroplasts, fairly transparent.

Question 3

What is the role of the lower epidermis?

Answer 3

prevent water loss and regulate gas exchange.

Question 4

What is phloem?

Answer 4

A vessel in plants that transports sugars.

Question 5

What is spongy mesophyll?

Answer 5

Loosely packed plant leaf tissue with air spaces for gas exchange.

Question 6

What are stomata?

Answer 6

Tiny pores that allow for gas exchange in the leaf epidermis.

Question 7

What is the function of palisade mesophyll?

Answer 7

Contains the most chloroplasts to carry out most of photosynthesis.

Question 8

What is xylem?

Answer 8

Narrow, dead tubes with lignin walls that transport water and minerals in plants.

Question 9

What is the purpose of the waxy cuticle?

Answer 9

A waxy layer to reduce water loss.

Question 10

How do stomata function in gas exchange?

Answer 10

Plants take in carbon dioxide from the air through stomata and water vapor will pass out.

Question 11

What is the direction of water movement in a plant?

Answer 11

The movement of water in a plant is in an upwards direction only.

Question 12

How does water enter the plant?

Answer 12

Water enters the plant by the process of osmosis from a high water concentration outside the plant in the soil to a low water concentration inside the plant root hair cells.

Question 13

How does water move within the plant?

Answer 13

Water moves from cell to cell again by osmosis.

Question 14

What role do root hair cells play in water transport?

Answer 14

Plant root hair cells absorb the water.

Question 15

What is the function of xylem vessels?

Answer 15

Water moves up the stem through the xylem vessels and into the leaf area.

Question 16

What are the characteristics of xylem vessels?

Answer 16

Xylem vessels are one-way only, transport water and minerals, have no end walls between cells, and have thick walls stiffened with lignin.

Question 17

What are xylem vessels formed from?

Answer 17

Xylem vessels are formed from elongated cells which have died.

Question 18

What is the role of lignin in xylem vessels?

Answer 18

Lignin on the inside of the cell walls of xylem helps withstand high pressure changes of water as it moves upwards through the xylem vessel.

Question 19

What is the process of losing water from plant leaves called?

Answer 19

Transpiration

Transpiration is essential for nutrient transport and temperature regulation in plants.

Question 20

How does water move in the leaves of a plant?

Answer 20

By osmosis

Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

Question 21

Where does water evaporate from in the leaf?

Answer 21

From the mesophyll cells into the air spaces

Mesophyll cells are specialized for photosynthesis and gas exchange.

Question 22

What is the final exit point for water in the leaf during transpiration?

Answer 22

The stomata on the lower epidermis

Stomata are small openings that regulate gas exchange and water loss.

Question 23

What abiotic factors affect the rate of transpiration?

Answer 23

Wind speed, humidity, temperature

These factors can significantly influence plant water loss and overall health.

Question 24

What apparatus is primarily used to measure the rate of transpiration in plants?

Answer 24

Potometer

A potometer measures water absorption by plant shoots and indirectly indicates transpiration rates.

Question 25

What happens to the rate of transpiration when humidity increases?

Answer 25

Decreases the rate of transpiration ## Footnote Higher humidity reduces the concentration gradient for water vapor, slowing its loss.

Question 26

What effect does an increase in temperature have on transpiration rate?

Answer 26

Increases the rate of transpiration ## Footnote Higher temperatures enhance evaporation rates, leading to greater water loss.

Question 27

What is the effect of increased wind speed on transpiration?

Answer 27

Increases the rate of transpiration ## Footnote Wind removes the water vapor around the leaf surface, maintaining a steep gradient for water loss.

Question 28

What is the main function of the phloem?

Answer 28

Transport sugar across a plant ## Footnote Phloem transports sugar produced by photosynthesis in any direction.

Question 29

What is a sieve tube element?

Answer 29

A component of phloem that helps in sugar transport ## Footnote Sieve tube elements are living cells in the phloem.

Question 30

What is the role of companion cells in the phloem?

Answer 30

Support sieve tube elements in sugar transport ## Footnote Companion cells provide metabolic support to sieve tube elements.