Plant and Animal Breading

Question 1

Variation

Answer 1

Differences amongst all the individuals in a species.

Question 2

Example of discrete variation

Answer 2

Human blood groups

Eye colour

Tongue rolling ability

Question 3

Polygenic

Answer 3

Feature that involves several genes working together.

Question 4

Discrete variation

Answer 4

Type of variation in which there are two or more distinct groups, with no values in between.

Question 5

Continuous variation

Answer 5

Type of variation in which there is a wide range of values.

Question 6

Example of continuos variation

Answer 6

Weight of new-born lambs

Height of humans

Hand span

Question 7

Gene

Answer 7

Short section of a chromosome that has the genetic information for a particular characteristic.

Question 8

F1 generation

Answer 8

Symbol for the first generation in a genetic cross.

Question 9

Dominant

Answer 9

Allele whose effect always shows in the phenotype.

Question 10

Phenotype

Answer 10

The appearance of an organism for a characteristic.

Question 11

Heterozygous

Answer 11

One dominant and one recessive allele for a feature.

Question 12

P generation

Answer 12

Symbol for the parents in a genetic cross.

Question 13

Homozygous

Answer 13

Both alleles for a characteristic are the same.

Question 14

Feature of fertilisation that gives unexpected genetic cross results.

Answer 14

Random

Question 15

Alleles

Answer 15

Different forms of a gene.

Question 16

Chromosomes

Answer 16

The genetic materials of cells - each body cell has two matching sets.

Question 17

Genotype

Answer 17

Genes an organism has for a particular characteristic - usually written as capital or small letters.

Question 18

Gametes

Answer 18

Collective name for sex cells.

Question 19

Recessive

Answer 19

Allele which is not dominant - it’s effect only shows when the cell does not have a dominant gene.

Question 20

F2 generation

Answer 20

Symbol for the second generation in a genetic cross.

Question 21

Cultivar

Answer 21

Variety of plant obtained from natural species by selection and/or genetic manipulation and maintained by cultivation.

Question 22

Deleterious

Answer 22

Referring to alleles of genes whose expression results in the formation of harmful characteristics.

Question 23

Genetic transformation

Answer 23

Alteration of an organism’s genome by the insertion of a DNA sequence from a different organism.

Question 24

Genomic sequencing

Answer 24

Establishing the order of the nucleotide bases all the way along an organism’s DNA.

Question 25

Hybrid vigour

Answer 25

Improved condition shown by offspring of cross between two different inbred parental strains.

Question 26

Hybridisation

Answer 26

Process by which one variety of organism is crossed with a different variety to try to produce offspring better than either parent.

Question 27

Inbreeding

Answer 27

Process by which close relatives are bred with one another and prevented from breeding at random.

Question 28

Inbreeding depression

Answer 28

Deterioration in the quality of a strain of natural outbreeders that have been forcibly inbred.

Question 29

Outbreeding

Answer 29

Process involving the mating of unrelated members of the same species.

Question 30

Randomisation

Answer 30

Disordered arrangement of replicate treatments to eliminate bias.

Question 31

Replicate

Answer 31

One of several copies of a treatment set up to produce the effect of experimental error.

Question 32

Selective breeding

Answer 32

Process by which only the organisms with the best features are chosen as the parents of the next generation.

Question 33

Treatment

Answer 33

Way in which a plot is dealt with compared with other plots.