Plant & animal cells, Bacteria, DNA, Genetic engineering

Question 1

What parts do an animal and plant cell have in common?

Answer 1

Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria.

Question 2

What does a plant cell have that an animal cell doesn’t?

Answer 2

Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts.

Question 3

What’s the role of the cell membrane?

Answer 3

Controls what enters and leaves the cell, e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose.

Question 4

What is the nucleus and what does it do?

Answer 4

It’s a large structure that contains DNA - instructions for the building and working of the cell.

Question 5

What is cytoplasm and what does it do?

Answer 5

It’s a jelly like substance that fills the cell, many chemical reactions take place here.

Question 6

What’s the role of mitochondria and what are they?

Answer 6

They are tiny structures where respiration takes place, releasing energy for cell processes.

Question 7

What’s the vacuole, where is it found and what is its role?

Answer 7

It’s found in a plant cell, it’s full of cell sap which keeps the cells structure rigid.

Question 8

Name the main parts of a bacteria cell.

Answer 8

• Cell wall
• Cell membrane
• Chromosomal DNA
• Plasmid DNA
• Flagellum (sometimes)
• Cytoplasm

Question 9

What is the difference between chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA?

Answer 9

• Chromosomal DNA carries most of the bacterial genes
• Plasmids contain additional genes not found in chromosomes
• Chromosomal DNA is a single loop

Question 10

What’s the difference between a light microscope and an electron microscope?

Answer 10

• A light microscope uses light to magnify objects.
• An electron microscope uses electrons to view an object.
• An electron microscope is more powerful.

Question 11

What’s the maximum magnification a light microscope has?

Answer 11

x2000

Question 12

What’s the maximum magnification an electron microscope has?

Answer 12

x10 Million

Question 13

What is adenines base pair?

Answer 13

Thymine.

Question 14

What’s cytosines base pair?

Answer 14

Guanine.

Question 15

What holds the base pairs and DNA strands together?

Answer 15

Weak hydrogen bonds.

Question 16

The nucleus contains______.

Answer 16

Chromosomes.

Question 17

Chromosomes contain_______.

Answer 17

Strings of genes.

Question 18

What is a gene?

Answer 18

A short piece of DNA that codes for a specific protein.

Question 19

Each gene is a length of _____.

Answer 19

DNA.

Question 20

What’s the DNA’s structure?

Answer 20

Double Helix.

Question 21

How do you extract DNA from a kiwi?

Answer 21

• Mash up the kiwi and mix with salty water and detergent, this breaks open the cells and helps release the DNA from the nuclei.
• Filter the mixture and add protease enzyme to break up the cells proteins and release more DNA.
• Ice-cold ethanol is poured into the mixture, this makes the DNA separate from the liquid so it’s easy to lift out.

Question 22

Who used X-Rays to study the structure of DNA?

Answer 22

Franklin and Wilkins.

Question 23

Who helped build the double helix model?

Answer 23

Watson and Crick by using Franklins photographs as a final clue.

Question 24

How many countries scientists collaborated to decode the human genome?

Answer 24

18.

Question 25

Why did it only take a short while for the human genome to be decoded?

Answer 25

Many scientists were involved in the project.

Question 26

GE 1: How is the insulin gene cut out of the human chromosome?

Answer 26

By using a restriction enzyme.

Question 27

GE 2: What part of the bacteria cell is taken out and how is it used?

Answer 27

Plasmid, part of it is cut out using enzymes in order to make room for the insulin gene.

Question 28

GE 3: What happens after the insulin is placed into the plasmid?

Answer 28

• The plasmid is put back into the bacteria.

- The bacteria will reproduce and this time with the human insulin gene.

Question 29

What is 1 advantage of genetic engineering?

Answer 29

Any from:

• Making insulin through bacteria is cheaper and quicker than any other way which means more diabetic people can be treated.
• Golden rice: Beta-carotene is increased in the rice plant. Beta-carotene makes vitamin A which can prevent illness caused by lack of vitamin A in those who eat mainly rice.

Question 30

What is 1 disadvantage of genetic engineering?

Answer 30

Any from:

• Some diabetic people react badly to this insulin and need a different form.
• Golden rice seed is more expensive than regular rice so poorer people can’t afford to grow it.