plant bio exam 1 Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
how to classify organisms:
A
growth form
visible traits
uses
2
Q
linnean system
A
classification by number/arrangement of stamens and pistils
3
Q
stamens
A
male reproductive part
4
Q
pistils
A
female reproductive part
5
Q
hierarchical classification
A
species within genera within families etc
6
Q
taxon
A
any taxonomic group at any level
7
Q
systematics
A
determination of evolutionary relatinoships between organisms
8
Q
plesiomorphy
A
ancestral character state of a clade
9
Q
symplesiomorphy
A
shared ancestral state shared by multiple clades
10
Q
apomorphy
A
derived character state distinct from ancestors
11
Q
synapomorphy
A
shared character state from common ancestor
12
Q
autoppomorphy
A
character state or trait unique to one taxon
13
Q
homoplasy
A
shared character state not derived from a common ancestor
14
Q
convergent evolution
A
revealed by cladograms
15
Q
mmonophyletic
A
clade includes common ancestor and all descendents
16
Q
paraphyletic
A
includes common ancestor but not all descendants
17
Q
polyphyletic
A
does not include common ancestor
18
Q
homologous
A
arising from ancestral state
19
Q
example of homologous relationship
A
vascular tissue in flowering plants and ferns
20
Q
analogous relationship
A
common character states arising through convergent evolution
example: spines on cacti and euphorbia
SAME TRAIT, DIFFERENT LINEAGE
21
Q
morphological species
A
similar morphology within group, distinct from others
22
Q
biological species
A
can breed with each other, not with other groups
23
Q
ecological species
A
species is a group of organisms adapted to a specific niche
24
Q
evolutionary species
A
single evolutionary lineage distinct from each other
25
unified species concept
26
how to delineate species
- collect specimens
- morphological measurements
- genetic analysis and molecular systematics
- ecological and biogeographic analyses
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type specimen
originally used to descibe or designate a species
28
holytpe
the one specimen or illustration used by the authors as the nomenclatural type
29
prokaryotic relatives and origin
- cells lack nuclei
- includes bacteria and arachaea
- photosynthesis and other chemical pathways are shared
- archea thought to be ancestors of eukaryotes
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protists
cells with nuclei
31
eukaryotes
- not a monophyletic group
- multiple lineages: algae, slime molds, amoebas, protozoa
- algae are photsynthetic protists
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how many types of algae
20-30 thousand
33
algae
photosynthetic, single cell gamets
multiple lineages
34
algae cells
- cell walls composed of polysaccharides including agar, cellulose carrageenan, algin
35
algae growth forms
sheets, filaments, colonies, unicelleular
36
phycology
study of algae
37
brown algae
- marine species
- typical in shallow water
- chlorophyll a and b
- fycoxanthin pigments
- cellulose and algin cell walls
38
red algae
- mostly marine and multicellular
- cellulose cell walls
- red pigments called phycobilins allow photosynthesis in deep water
39
green algae
- ancestors of land plants
- mostly freshwater
- pigments: chlorophyll a and b, carotinoids
- cellulose cell walls
- ex: chlorophytes and charophytes
40
chlorophyta
- most are unicellular
- flagella for transport
- freshwater, marine, terrestrial species
- some are extremophillic: able to live in extreme environments
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charaophyta
- ancestors of land plants
- freshwater aquatic species
- flagella present or absent
- flagellated sperm present in some groups
- diverse and specialized reproduction
42
bryophyta
mosses, liverworts, hornworts
- no seeds
- no vascular tissue
- diverse
43
bryophyte life cycle
gamete generation: haploid (1n)
separate male and female
- egg and sperm meet, fertilization occurs, which produces:
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gemetophyte generation
- the leafy part
- dominant in bryophytes
- cuticle: waxy covering to prevent dehydration
- rhixoids: rootlike structures for anchoring plants to substrate
45
gametangia
multicellular structures that house gametes
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archegonium
female, egg
47
antheridium
male, sperm
48
sporphyte generation
1. sperm and egg join to form a diploid zygote
2. sporophytes emerge from the gametophyte body
3. sporophyte produces haploid spores via meiosis
4. spores are dispersed via wind and water
49
mosses
familiar bryophtyes
may have contributed to ordovician ice ages
some of the most economically and culturally important bryophytes
50
gametophyte development
spores require moisture to germinate
51
protonema
threadlike structure
allows vegetative propagation o gametophyte
52
antheidia
bear sperm
gametophyte
53
archegonia
egg within gametophyte
54
gametophyte
leafy part of bryophyte
55
antheridia and archegonia
leaf arrangements at here retain moisture
mature sperm are released in presence of moisture
56
foot
point of connection to the gametophyte, allows water and nutrient acquisition
moss sporophyte
57
seta
stalk of moss sporphyte
58
calyptra
remnant of archegonium of moss sporophyte
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operculum
protective lid on the capsule
60
persitome teeth
sensitive to water, assist dispersal
moss sporphyte
61
peats
sphagnum forms peat bogs
diverse, unique ecosystems
immense carbon storage
historical uses for constuction, fuel, and more
62
ecology of bryophytes
nutrient cycling
ecological succession
building soil on barren surfaces
facilitating establishment of vascular plants
63
liverworts
named for resemblance to lobes of a liver
found in moist habitats
about 9k species
can be leafy or thalloid
64
gametophyte vs sporophyte
in bryophytes
gametophytes: haploid (one chromosome set), produces gametes and zygotes which sporophytes arise from, developed from meiosis
sporophytes: diploid (2 chromosome sets), developed from zygote, produces spores, mitosis
65
archeognium
female sex organ in mosses, liverworts, ferns
66
liverwort gametophyte anatomy
leafy liverworts: leaf and stem-like structures
thallus: flat, ribbon-like, lobed body structure of thalloid liverworts
gemmae: haploid cell, cell mass, or bud of tissue, allows vegetative propagation by detachment
gemma cups: cuplike receptacles for gemmae
antheridophore: antheridium, sperm
archegoniphore: archegonium, egg
67
liverwort sporophyte anatomy
sporophytes inconspicuous, may be concealed within gametophyte
seta: gametophyte stalk, moves sporophyte above thallus surface
68
hornworts
thalloid
symbiotic with nostoc (n-fixing)
archegonia and antheridia embedded in thallus
sporophytes are upright capsules that split to disperse spores
69
seedless vascular plants
multiple phyla
lycophytes: club and spike mosses
monilophytes: ferns
no seeds
variable life cycles
70
early vascular plants
sillurain period
rhynia is an early follis traceheophyte
71
biological shifts in the tracehophyta
free living sporophyte, reduced gametophyte
vascular tissue (Xylem) in sporophytes for water transport
dichotomous branching
multiple sporangia at branch tips
vascular tissue anatomy varies between groups
72
selection and vascular plants
high spore mortality = high selection pressure
producing lots of spores is afvantageous
more sporophytes per gametophyte OR more sporangia per sporophyte
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selection and vascular plants development
early vascular plants had more sporangia per sporophyte
larger sporophytes needed water and stiffer supporting stems
selection pressure to develop stronger tissues and water transport developed the central sstem thickened with ligin
74
advantages of vascular tissue
no longer dependent on wet habitats
water transport - tolerate more habitats
development of more complex growth forms
widespread diversification
75
phylum lycophyta
club mosses
spikemosses
quillworts
no acctual mosses
76
ancient lycophyta
coal swamps were dominated by seedless vascular plants
fossils are common in our area
77
lycophyte anatomy: stem
vascular tissues: xylem and pholem within the stems vascular cylinder
stems also differentiated into epidermis, cortex
rhizome: horizontal stem, allows pread over surfaces
clonal propagation is common
78
lypophyte anatomy: leaf
microphyll: small leaf
sporophyll: sporangium-bearing leaf
sporophylls are arranged into a conelike strobilus
spores are exploisve, flammable
79
lycopodium life cycle
alternation of generations
differences from bryophytes: gametophyte is reduced, sporpohyte s dominant
lycopodium is homosporous: one spore type, one sporangium
80
sellaginella
spikemosses
microphyll leaves
ligule: organ on leaf, secretes protective fluid (not in lycopodium)
rhozophore: meristematic tissue, can form roots or stem
81
selaginella life cycle
heterosporous: 2 spore types, 2 gametophyte types
megaspore: forms megagametophyte with archengonia (eff)
unisexual gametophytes
megagametophyte: Contains egg
microspore: contains sperm
82
megaspore
selaginella life cycle
megasporocyte divides to form 3 large megaspores
megagametophytes form within spore and released when conditions are right
archegonia develop
83
microspore
selaginella life cycle
microsporanigum contains diploid microsporocytes
meisois creates 4 microspores each, form from microgametophyte (antheridium surrounded by a spore wall)
sperm cells released with moisture
diploid zygotes form at fertilization, forms embryo and differentiates into adult sporophyte
84
heterospory and homospory
homospores: small, lightweight, few resources
heterospores: large and heavier, nutrition and protection, more parental investment
dispersal vs provisions for offspring
heterospory has evolved multiple times, important step toward seeds
85
isoetes
quillworts
aquatic for whole life cycle
most/all microphylls are sporophylls
heterosporous
confined to special habitats
86
isoetes phylogeny
multiflagellate sperm
secondary woody growth, heterospory, ligules
87
phylum moniophyta
seedless tracheotypes other than lycophytes
megaphyll: large leaf
multiple vascular bundles, branched vascular bundles within the leaf
88
psilophytes
whisk ferns
found in human tropical and subtropical regions
enations: reduced leaflike growths on stem that lack vascular tissue, thought to originate from leaves
no true roots, only rhizoids
strong associations with symbiotic fungi
synangium: sporangia are fused in groups of 3 or more
homosporous, produce bisexual gametophyte that are non-photosynthetic
1 egg per archegonium
sperm are multiflagellate, arranged in coils
89
ophioglassales
largest number of chromosomes
separate fertile (spore-bearing) and sterile (photosynthetic) segments
horizontal roots, strongly mycorrhizal
young fronds are not coiled
90
sphenophytes
horse tails
moist habitats
highly clonal, sometimes agressive
91
horsetail anatomy
vertical stems grow from branched rhizomes
stems are whorled at each node
microphyllls (derived from megaphylls)
stems have large central canal surrounded by smaller canals and vascular bundels
valleculalr canals within cortex
carinal canals within vascular bundles
92
horsetial reproduction (spehnophyte)
strobilli bear sporangiophores
homosporous
extinct groups may be heterosporous
elaters: spiral, ribbonlike structure on spores, aid in dispersal
(curl and uncurl with humidity)
93
origins of horsetails (sphenophytes)
devonian origins
coal swamp flora
many growth forms including vines and trees
calamites: tree form of horsetail
94
marratiales
fronds: compound leaf, often large
found in true ferns
curled young frond (fiddleheads)
differences from true ferns: distinct sporangium
upright stems, most are tropical
95
true ferns
at least 12k species
ophioglossales and marattiales are sep. lineages
true ferns have leptosporangia
other tracheophytes have esuporania
96
frond
true fern sterms are underground
frond: above ground leaf
uncurls as a spiral protective growth form
morphology is highly variable
97
leptosporangium
derived from single cell
wall, 1 cell thick, talk
active opening to disperse spores via an annulus
sorus/sori: cluster of sorangia
indusium: protective covering on many sori
98
fern reproduction
usually homosporous
some species have separate fertile fronds
take 1-10 years to reach spore-bearing maturity
sori arrangement and location are key indentifying characteristcs
spores require water, sometimes light
99
ferm gametophyte
spores germinate, produce filaments, develope into prothallus
gametophytes are functionally unisexual despite being homosporous
developing sporphyte eventually becomes independent
100
vegetative propagation of ferns
rhizomes allow clonal spread
some form vast clones over time
bulbets/pups: new plants for on frontds
walking ferns: frond tips root, form new plant
allows spread in quality habitat
101
gymnosperms
seed plants
vascular tissues
no flowers
102
progymnosperms
early transitional group with spores, similar traits to modern gymnosperms
woody secondary vascular tissue
tree like growth forms
103
seed ferns
earliest seed bearing plants
seeds attached to fronds
secondary vascular tissue
104
seed development
ovules develope from megasporangia
integumnet: protective covering
micropyle: opening to allow fertilization
nucellus: megasporanium tissue, generates megaspores via meiois, provides nutrition
megaspore --> megagametophyte --> egg cell
105
seed
ovules become seeds after fertilization
micropyle closes, embryo develops
seed = mature fertilized ovule
- protective seed coat (hardened integumnet)
stored food
plant embryo
106
evollution of seeds
heterospory was a key step
one motile gamete (sperm)
one sedentary gamete (egg)
retention of megaspore and megagametophyte within the megaporanigum
107
pollen
sperm may be motile, but cannot swim to megagemtophytes still within sporophytes tissue
pollen solves problem
pollen = immature microgametophyte
develops inside microsporanigum
2-5 haploid nuclei at dispersal
108
pollen and fertilization
mitosis continues if pollen reaches an ovule, produces: 2 sperm cells
pollen tube: structure for conveying sperm to the egg
diploid zygote forms at fertilization
109
advantages of seeds and pollent
water not required
protected megagametophytes
nutrition from parent plants during development and after dispersal
greater parental investment in seeds than spores
seed and pollen allowed seed plants to become dominant
110
gymnosperm vegetative features
stem anatomy with distinct pith and cortex
primary vascular system: xylem and phloem tissues arragned in ring
secondary vascular tissue: lateral growth of secondary xylem and phloem
resin and resin canels
111
microstrobilus
pollen cone
microsporophylls arranged along central axis
microsporangia release thousands of pollen grains
pollen dispersed by wind
112
megastrobilus
ovulate cone
ovuliferous scales on central axids
ovules become seeds
113
pine life cycle: seeds
seeds are released from strobilus at maturity
wind for dispersal
some cones require fire or other environmental cues to open
114
lineages of modern gymnosperms
cycads
ginkgo
confiers
gnetophytes
115
cyads
gymnosperms
large compound leaves
slow growing, long lived
116
cyad reproduction
microstrobilus: male/pollen cone
megastrobilus: female/ovulate cone
dioecisu: separate male and female individuals
pollination by wind, sometimes beetles
seeds have fleshy coats
117
gingko
only survivng member of its genus/family
found in china
dioecious
seeds have fleshy coat
118
dioecous
separate male and female parts
119
confiers
cone bearing
most economically important group of gymnosperms
120
pinaceae
conifer family
pine, fir, spruce, hemlock, larch, cedar
needle leaves arranged in fasciles (clusters)
bare cones - no fleshy coverings
121
cupressaceae
conifer family
includes juniper, cypress, bald cypress, redwoods
scale-like or pointed leaves
seeds in conves with woody or fleshy scales
122
taxaceae
conifer family
long lifespans
needle leaves
seed enrobed in flesgt cover called aril
aril derived from junciton of seed and ovary
mostly dioecious
123
gnetotypes
gymnosperm
whorled or opposite leaves
some traits are similar to flowering plants
sterile bracts on strobili
microstrobili: pollen-bearing structure resemble stamens
megastrobili: ovules surrounded by fleshy structure
124
welwitschia
unique gnetophyte
namib desert
can live 2000 years
two loaves per plant
leaves are hard, udrable due to lignin and sclerid cells
sunken stomata, deep taproot
