plant bio exam 2 Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
angiosperm
A
enclosed seed
2
Q
ovary
A
part of flower
ovules are enclosed in ovary
3
Q
sporpophyte/gametophyte in angiosperms
A
sporophyte becomes more important and complex
gametophyte becomes reduced, less complex
4
Q
origin of angiosperms
A
flower plants appeard in cretaceous suddenly, exploded
ancestors diverged early
5
Q
archaefructus
A
seeds in ovaries, found in aquatic habitats
6
Q
seed plant phylogeny
A
gymnosperms and angiosperms: seeds
angiosperms: flowers, fruit, double fertilization, non-motile sperm
7
Q
distinct features of angiosperms
A
- improved vascular efficiency
- flowers: modified branches and leaves for reproduction
- fruit: ovaries, new forms of seed dispersal and protection
- different life cycle: more efficient fertilization, reduced gametophytes save energy
8
Q
seedling hypothesis
A
angiosperms have shorter generation time, rapid growth rate, highly competitive
9
Q
flower anatomy: four whorls
A
sepals
pertals
perianth
stamens
carpels
flowers missing one or more whorls: incomplete
10
Q
sepals
A
enclose bud and flower
together called calyx
11
Q
petals
A
conscipicuous, often colorful
together form corolla
12
Q
perianth
A
calyx and corolla together
13
Q
stamens
A
male whorl (androecium), anthers
14
Q
carpels
A
female whorl (gynoecium), stigma and style
15
Q
flower architecture: structure
A
regular: radial symmetry, any line drawn through the flower will produce equal halves
irregular: bilateral symmetry, flower can only be divided into equal halves one way
16
Q
flower arcihtecture: sex
A
pistilate (Imperfect)
staminate (imperfect)
monoecious
dioecius
bisexual (perfect)
17
Q
pistillate
A
only pistils/carpels, also called carpellate
18
Q
staminate
A
only stamens
19
Q
monoecious
A
separate staminate/pistillate flower
same plant
20
Q
dioecious
A
staminate and pistillate flowers on different plants
21
Q
bisexual
A
(Perfect)
flower with both stamens and pistils
22
Q
androeciu,
A
stamen: entire male organ, including anther and filament
filament: stalk that supports an anther
anther: pollen-producing organ
pollen sacs are inside anthers
23
Q
pollen: male gametophyte
A
meiosis occurs in anthers, forms pollen
pollen=2 celled male gametophyte
generative cell: makes 2 sperm cells
tube cell: produces pollen tube
24
Q
gynoecium
A
carpel or pistil: entire female part of the flower
stigma: tip of the carpel that receives pollen
style: supporting stalk
ovary: swollen chamber containing ovules
25
ovary
protection of seeds against drying and predation
pollen selectivity: pollen must germinate on style, grow correct pollen tube to pass through the style
seed= mature ovule
fruit=mature ovary
26
ovary positions
superior ovary: ovary above stamens/petals
inferio ovary: over below
hypanthium: fusion of lower whorls into a tube, can be found with multiple ovary positions
27
embryo sac
female gametophyte
- meiosis occurs in ovule, creates haploid 7-cell embryo sac
- 2 synergids (Direct the pollen tube)
- one egg
- 3 antipodals
- central cell with 2 polar nuclei
28
advantages of double fertilization
endosperm (Energy reserves) only created at fertilization
conserves resources
no loss of storage organs on unfertilized ovules
not just an energy source for plants
corn kernals=lots of endosperm
coconut water-liquid endosperm
29
apoximis
reproduction without fusion of sperm and egg
30
parthenogenesis
development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg
31
reproduction without fertilization
apomixis, aprthenogeneisis
embryo development can be stimulated by hormones without sperm present
groups that form apomictic seeds include citrus and mango
32
flowers are clustered
- inflorescence: group or cluster of flowers, flowering branch, derived from modified branches
- bract: leaflike structure at base of inflorescence
- pedical: flower bearing stalk
- peduncle: inflorescence-bearing stalk
33
inflorescence types
- solitarty: single flwoer at the tip of a branch
- spikeL multiple flowers attached to central axis (catkin)
- raceme: each branch on the central axis ends in a flower
panicle: a branched raceme
34
infloresence types 2
- umbel: umbrella-like clusters of flowers at same level
- cyme: flat-topped cluster with oldest flowers at center
- corymb: flat topped cluster with youngest flowers at center
35
infloresence types 3
- head: flowers lack pedicels and are crowded together on a very short axis, asters
- spather and spadix: flowers on fleshy tyube (spadix) found in the arum family
36
seed vs fruit
seed=mature ovule
fruit=mature ovary
fruits help faciliate seed dispersal
37
fruit wall
pericarp
- exocarp: outmost
-mesocarp: middle
- endocarp: inner layer, near seeds
- accessory tissues: non-ovary tissue that is part of fruit
38
dehiscent fruit
split open at maturity
39
indehiscent fruit
dont split open at maturity
40
simple fruit
develops from one ovary
41
compound fruit
develops from more than one ovary
42
dry dehiscent fruits
legume/pod
capsule
follicle
sillique
43
legume or pod
dry dehesicnet
- seeds: beans
- pericarp: shell
- fruit arises from a single carpel
not all pods dehisce (open)
44
capsule
arises from a compound ovary (multiple carpels)
dehisces at top
ex: poppy
45
follicle
dry dehiscent
- develops from one carpel, opens on one side
ex: magnolia, milkweed
46
sillique
dry dehiscent
derived from superior ovary, splits into 3 parts at maturity with seeds on central portion
ex: mustard family
47
dry indehiscent fruits
achene
caryopsis
samara
schizocarp
nuts
48
achene
dry indehiscnet
one seeded fruit with pericarp and embryo separable
ex: sunflowers, sedges
49
caryopsis
dry indehiscent
one seeded fruit with pericarp and embryo united
ex: rice, wheat
50
samara
dry indehiscent
simple fruit with a wing like growth of ovary wall
can have 1-2 seed
ex: maple, elm
51
schizocarp
dry indehiscent
2 carpels split along midline at maturity
ex: carrot
52
nuts
dry indehiscent
hardened pericarp
ex: hickory, walnut, chesnut, oak, hazelnut
not nuts: peanut, almond, casheq
53
fleshy fruits
drupe
berry
pome
54
drupe
fleshy
one seed formed from a single carpel
hardened encocarp
fleshy mesocarp
thin exocarp (skin)
ex: cherry, peach, holly
55
berry
fleshy fruit formed from compound ovary, multiple seeds
ex: tomato
56
hesperidium
fleshy
thickened leathery exocarp and mesocarp (rind)
ex: citrus, banana
57
pepo
fleshy
thickened outer wall of receptacle tissue fused with exocarp
flesh composed of mesocarp and endocarp
ex: squash, melon
58
pome
fleshy fruit derived from inferior ovary
flesh is derived from hypanthium
core is derived from ovary
ex: apple
59
aggregate fruit
aggregate fruit: formed from multiple carpels of one flower
ex: strawberry, rasberry
strawberry: multiple achenes on receptacle
rasberries: multiple drupes on receptable
60
multiple fruit
formed from individual ovaries of multiple flowers
ex: fig, pineapple
61
parthenocarpic and seedless fruit
parthenocarpy" development of fruit without fertilization
- can be triggered horticulturally (Hormone treatments, exposure to incompatible pollen)
some seedless fruit are sterile triploids
62
the seed of fruit
fruit is essentially packaging for seeds
seed coat: hardened integument, protects embryo and prevents early germination
embryo: features variable between plant groups
63
bean
funiculus is attachment to placental connection
hilum is resulting scar
micropyle: opening in seed coat at end of hilum
raphe: ridge at end of hilum
64
bean embryo
cotyledons: embryonic leaves
embryo axis
radicle: embryonic root
epicotyl: embryonic shoot "above cotyledons"
hypocotyl: area below cotyledons
65
monocot seed
grass (Includes corn, rice wheat, etc)
- coleorhiza: protective tip on radicle
- coleoptile: sheath over embryonic leaves
- plumile: embryonic shoot bud
- scutellum: single cotyledon, secretes chemicals that digest endosperm
- aleurone layer: fat and protein layer surrounding endosperm
66
development and germination frutis
imbibition: water uptake, required for growth adna ctivation
radicle emergence: radicle imbibes water, swells, breaks through seed coverings and grows donward
67
hypogeal germination
cotyledon remain underground
68
epigeal germination
shoot straightens, raised cotyledons above ground
69
dormancy
viable seeds may not germinate immediately, viability can persist for year
allows seeds to disperse in time, germinate in good contiions
cues required to break formancy: temp, moisture, heat, light, scarification of seed coat
70
pollination
transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma
71
self pollination
pollination within the same plant
selfing
does not result in genetic recombination
72
cross pollination
pollination between 2 different individuals
outcrossing
allows genetic recombination
73
selfing pros and cons
pros: allows pollination when populations are scattered or fragmented
allows pollination if a single plant is present, beneficial in disturbed habitats
saves energy of pollen production, selfers can produce less
cons: loss of genetic diversity, inbreeding
74
mechanisms that minimize selfing
temporal separation: anthers mature before/after carpels
spatial separation: stamens and carpels physically far enough to minimize contact
gender shifts (jack i the pulpit)
75
quantitative gender
%staminate/carpellate
76
obligatory selfing
some plants produce flowers are autogamous (only self pollinating)
chasmogamy: open, outcrossing flwoers, often showy
cleistogamy: closed flowers, obligate selfing, smaller ex: violets
77
pollination syndrome
combination of flower and pollen traits that adapt a plant for pollination by a vector
78
abiotic syndromes
wind, water
79
biotic syndromes
animal pollination by bees, birds, bats, beetles
80
nectar
sugary water with amino acids, secreted by necatries, present in the floral tube or nectar spurs
81
wind pollination
small pollen transported to pistillate flowers on wind
flowers often catkins, not colorful/showy
high pollen production, potential for long distance travel but much is lost
oak, hazel, maple, walnut
82
beetles pollination
existed when the first flowering plants appeared
flowers often fragrant, bowl shaped large
ex: magnolia
83
flies pollination
fetid odors (fermented fruit, rotting meat, fecal material)
dark colors, fuzz
ex: carrion flowers, pawpaw
84
butterflies pollination
erect, bright colors, nectar guides, lip (structure for landing), ong tubes with nectar
ex: phlox
85
bees/wasps pollination
nectar guides, often white/blue/yellow/ultraviolet
lip
ex: blueberry, larkspur
86
moths pollination
night flowering, no landing zone needed, often pale, fragrant, no nectar guides
ex: tobacco, datura
87
birds pollinatiton
many species including honeycreepers and lorikeets, often attracted to nectar-rich red and orange flowers with long tubes
no gragrance
ex: hummingbirds
88
bats pollination
large flowers, positioned under the canpoy, open at night, often dull colors and msky fragrances
ex: banana, agave, baobab
89
pollinium
mass of pollen grains, usually from one anther, transferred as a single mass during pollination
90
nectar robbing
feeding on nectar without pollen transfer, found in many groups
91
adaptations for abiotic dispersal
wind: seeds with winds
water: seeds float
92
adhesive seeds
seeds barbed or sticky to adhere to animal
ex: burdock, bedstraw, mistletoe
93
exploisive seeds
plants forcefully expel seeds
ex: squirting cucubmber
94
ants pollination
seeds have a package of nutrients called an elaiosome that attracts ants
ants hoard seeds, eat elaiosomes, leave seeds
major component of eastern forest understory diversity
95
basal angiosperms
earliest group to diverge from gymnosperm clade
radial symmetry
free carpels and stamens
small embryos
pollen with 1 aperture
ex: waterlily, amborella
96
core angiosperms clades
magnoliids
eudicots
monocots
97
magnoliids
diverse clade including trees, herbs, vines
flowers large and spirally arranged or small in groups of 3
many have fragrant secondary compounds
economically important group
98
magnoliid diversity: tulip
large, bowl shaped flowers
fragrant flowers and other tissues
99
magnoliid diversity: spices
laurel family: avocado, cinnamon
rich in fragrant compounds
insects may be specially adapted to use them as host plants
100
magnoliid diversity family
annonaceae/custard apple
aristolochaceae birthwort family
101
monocots
flowers parts in multiples of 3
venation: parallel
embryo: 1 cotyledon
102
monocot groups
alismatales: possible basal group, includes aroids, arrowheads, awautic plants
lily group: large showy flowers, includes lily family and relatives
commelinid clade: Less showy flowers includes pams, ginger
103
monocot families
grass (poacease) wheat, corn, rice
spikelet flowers, most wind pollinated
lilu family (Lilaceae) parts in groups of 6
perrenial, herbaceous, below ground storage organs
104
eudicots
tricopate pollen: pollen has 3 slits, divides into 3 different wedges
flowersL 4-5 parts per group
venation: netted
embryo: 2 cotyledons
105
basal eudicots
ranunculales: mostly temperate herbs, small embryos, flowers with superio ovaries ex: poppy
proteales: wind pollinated trees and shrubs with reduced flowers
106
eudicots: caryophyllids
large group about 11000 species
ex: cacti, beets, buckwheat
many edible and economically important species
107
eudictos: rosids
large and diverse clade, woody and herbaceous flowers often large and bee pollinated
ex: rasberry bean cabbage cotton
108
eudicots: asterids
mostly herbaceous, fused flower parts
ex: eggplant, potato, tea, sunflower
109
economic botany
study of plants and people
110
phytochemistry
plant secondary compounds
111
secondary metabolites
compounds produced not for growth or reproduction
112
defense
toxins, bad flavors, painful sensations
113
positive interactions phytochemistry
pollination, seed dispersal
114
alkaloids
toxic, bitter tasting, defense gainst animal herbivory
can be fatal
used as drugs
ex: caffeine, nicotine, morphine
115
caffeine
defense compound to deter herbivory,a cts as CNS stimulant
116
terpines
gragrant chemicals found in resins
herbivory defense
medicinal, culinary, fragrance uses
pine, thyme, lavender
117
thymol
present in thyme
wide geographic range
historic uses as antiseptic, worm remover, preservative
118
glycosides
sugar containing compound
medicinal functions:L aspirin, laxatives
ex: willow, foxglove, sena, aloe
119
digitalis (foxglove)
contains cardiac glycosides
control heart rate
toxic if eaten
120
polyphenols
anthocyanin: red pigment that protect tissue, absorb light
phytoestrogens: defense compounds, especially against fungi
tannins: astrigent defensive compounds
121
tannins
preservatives
leached from wood stain
tanning leather
pigments
flavoring red wine and beer
122
early crops of ohio valley
chenopodium (quinoa relative) staple grain
marsh elder, squashes, sunflower
123
corn
developed from teosinte in mexico 10k years ago
became dominant grain crop
selective breeding across continent led to different colors
124
agroforestry crops
fruits (blueberry, rasberry)
nuts (Hickory, acorn)
cultivated with fire and other forest management
on decline
125
colombian exchange
plants moving around
globalized trade after 1400s dramatically shifted local diets and economies
126
wheat
cultivted in western asia
traveled widely
wheat cultivation was common among european settlers in PA
127
brassicas
cabbage cauliflower kale
ancestor native to southern europe
versatile and hardy crops
easy to preserve as pickle and krauts
128
potato
cultivated to andes, brought to europe
pirogi
129
sweet potato
cultivated in central/south America, Polynesia
genetic analyses and linguistics together reveal an ancient exchange
