Plant Bio Slides

Question 1

What are protocells?

Answer 1

Aggregates of O2 molecules

Question 2

Protocells are surrounded by

Answer 2

A lipid-like membrane

Question 3

What happens to phospholipids when they come in contact with water?

Answer 3

They assemble themselves into bilayers

Question 4

Sedimentary rocks are deposited into layers called

Answer 4

Strata

Question 5

What are the eons of the Geological Record?

Answer 5

• Hadean
• Archaean
• Proterozoic
• Phanerozoic

Question 6

The Phanerozoic Eon can be divided into which Eras?

Answer 6

• Paleozoic
• Mesozoic
• Cenozoic

Question 7

What were the Earth’s sole living inhabitants from 3.8 to 2 billion years ago?

Answer 7

Prokaryotes

Question 8

The earliest prokaryotes did not

Answer 8

Produce Oxygen

Question 9

Oxygen photosynthesis began about

Answer 9

3.5 billion years ago

Question 10

First eukaryotes emerged at about

Answer 10

2.1 billion years ago

Question 11

The first eukaryotes originated via

Answer 11

Endosymbiosis with mitochondria and plastids

Question 12

What is characteristic of mitochondria and plastids?

Answer 12

• Double membrane
• Circular DNA
• Prokaryotic-like ribosomes
• Replicate via division

Question 13

What emerged from the Cambrian explosion?

Answer 13

New phyla with new body plans

Question 14

What is Heterochrony?

Answer 14

The alteration of reproductive development timing relative to the development of nonreproductive organs

Question 15

What is paedomorphosis?

Answer 15

The rate of reproductive development accelerating compared to somatic development

Question 16

Which genes determine aspects like where the wings and legs might develop on a bird? How about the arrangement of flower parts?

Answer 16

Homeotic genes

Question 17

What are factors that can alter allele frequency?

Answer 17

• Genetic Drift
• Gene Flow
• Natural Selection

Question 18

What is Gene Flow?

Answer 18

The movement of fertile individuals or alleles between populations

Question 19

What are two methods of Speciation?

Answer 19

• Allopatric

- Sympatric

Question 20

What is Allopatric Speciation a result of?

Answer 20

Geographical Separation

Question 21

Sympatric Speciation consists of

Answer 21

• Pre-zygotic barriers like mating and fertilization

- Post-zygotic barriers

Question 22

What is the region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids?

Answer 22

Hybrid zone

Question 23

What are the three Domains of Life?

Answer 23

• Eukarya
• Archaea
• Bacteria

Question 24

Protists are

Answer 24

Eukaryotes and unicellular

Question 25

Most protists can be found in

Answer 25

Aquatic and moist terrestrial environments

Question 26

Protists act like

Answer 26

Food for other organisms

Question 27

Which eukaryotes exhibit the most structural and functional diversity?

Answer 27

Protists

Question 28

What are the three types of protists?

Answer 28

- Photoautotrophs - Heterotrophs - Mixotrophs

Question 29

What are Photoautotrophic protists?

Answer 29

Ones which contain chloroplasts

Question 30

What are Heterotrophic protists?

Answer 30

Ones which absorb Oxygen or ingest food particles

Question 31

What are Mixotrophs?

Answer 31

Protists which combine both photosynthesis and heterotrophic behavior

Question 32

How are protists reproductively?

Answer 32

Can be either asexual or sexual

Question 33

What are the two key roles of protists?

Answer 33

- Symbiont | - Producer

Question 34

What are the most abundant organisms on earth that are able to thrive anywhere?

Answer 34

Prokaryotes

Question 35

Prokaryotes are mostly

Answer 35

Unicellular

Question 36

What are the types of shapes prokaryotes come in?

Answer 36

- Cocci (spherical) - Bacilli (Rods) - Spirals

Question 37

Eukaryotic cell walls are made of either

Answer 37

- Cellulose (plants) | - Chitin (fungi)

Question 38

Bacterial cell walls are made of

Answer 38

Peptidoglycan

Question 39

What is Peptidoglycan?

Answer 39

A network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides

Question 40

How do antibiotics work?

Answer 40

They target Peptidoglycan to damage the correct cell walls

Question 41

What is a capsule?

Answer 41

A sticky outer layer of a polysaccharide or protein

Question 42

A capsule allows for the

Answer 42

Adherence to a substrate

Question 43

What is the function of a bacteria's capsule?

Answer 43

It shields the bacteria from the host's immune system

Question 44

Many prokaryotes form metabolically inactive

Answer 44

Endospores

Question 45

Prokaryotes have hair like appendages called

Answer 45

Fimbriae

Question 46

What is the function of the Fimbriae?

Answer 46

They allow for prokaryotes to stick to a substrate or other individuals in a colony

Question 47

What allows for prokaryotes to exchange DNA?

Answer 47

Pilli

Question 48

What are longer, pilli or fimbriae?

Answer 48

Pilli

Question 49

About half of prokaryotes exhibit taxis, which is the

Answer 49

Ability to move towards or away from a stimulus

Question 50

Chemotaxis is the

Answer 50

Movement either towards or away from a chemical stimulus