Plant Bio Slides III

Question 1

What is the function of the stamen?

Answer 1

Release pollen

Question 2

What is the stamen made of?

Answer 2

Anther and Filament

Question 3

What is the carpel made of?

Answer 3

• Stigma
• Style
• Ovary
• Ovule

Question 4

What is etiolation?

Answer 4

Morphological adaptations for growing in the darkness

Question 5

What is the response resulting in a curvature of the plant either to or away the stimulus?

Answer 5

Tropism

Question 6

What is Auxin?

Answer 6

A growth-promoting chemical produced in the apical meristem, young leaves, and the embryo

Question 7

What is Gibberellin?

Answer 7

Stem elongation

Question 8

What are major classes of light receptors?

Answer 8

• Blue-light photoreceptors

- Phytochromes

Question 9

What are phytochromes?

Answer 9

Light receptors that provide the plant with information about the quality of light

Question 10

Thigmotropism is the plant growth response to

Answer 10

Touch

Question 11

Thigmotropism occurs in

Answer 11

Vines and climbing plants

Question 12

Some plants undergo rapid leaf movements in response to mechanical stimulation. This is due to

Answer 12

Action Potential

Question 13

How do plants act during a drought?

Answer 13

They close up their stomata to reduce water loss

Question 14

How do plants act during a flooding?

Answer 14

They form air tubes which allow for survival in oxygen deprived areas

Question 15

How do plants act within salty environments?

Answer 15

They produce solutes at high concentration to avoid osmotic water loss

Question 16

How do plants act within the heat?

Answer 16

They synthesize heat shock proteins which reduce protein denaturation

Question 17

How do plants act within cold temperatures?

Answer 17

They adjust membrane fluidity, avoid osmotic water loss and produce antifreeze proteins

Question 18

Plants utilize defense systems to

Answer 18

• Deter herbivory
• Prevent infection
• Combat pathogens

Question 19

What is the plant’s main line of defense against infection?

Answer 19

The barrier of the epidermis and the periderm

Question 20

How do pathogens enter a plant?

Answer 20

Via wounds or natural openings (stomata)

Question 21

What are the two forms of Immune response?

Answer 21

• PAMP-triggered Immunity

- Effector-triggered Immunity

Question 22

What is PAMP-triggered Immunity based on?

Answer 22

The plant’s ability to recognize PAMPs

Question 23

What are Effectors?

Answer 23

Pathogen-encoded proteins cripple the host’s innate immune system

Question 24

PAMPS are specific to

Answer 24

Certain pathogens

Question 25

What happens when a plant recognizes PAMP?

Answer 25

There are signaling events which dictate the production of antimicrobial chemicals and toughening of the cell wall

Question 26

What happens when Pathogens deliver these Effectors?

Answer 26

They suppress PAMP-triggered immunity

Question 27

Plants fight against herbivory by:

Answer 27

- Toxins (molecular level) - Crystals - Dense tissues - Phonemes (chemicals that trigger defense responses in nearby members) - Masting (mass seed production)

Question 28

What is primary growth?

Answer 28

The lengthening of the roots and shoots

Question 29

What is secondary growth?

Answer 29

The increase of diameter in stems and roots in woody plants

Question 30

The plant body is produced by

Answer 30

- Growth - Morphogenesis - Cell differentiation

Question 31

Vascular plants have

Answer 31

Roots, stems, and leaves

Question 32

What is the function of roots?

Answer 32

Take up water and minerals from the ground

Question 33

The shoot system of a plant is the stuff

Answer 33

Above the ground

Question 34

The root system of a plant is the stuff

Answer 34

Below the ground

Question 35

The absorption of water and minerals happens

Answer 35

Near the tips of the roots

Question 36

What are root hairs?

Answer 36

Extensions near the root tip that increase the absorptive surface of the root

Question 37

Root systems form

Answer 37

Mycorrhizal associations with fungi

Question 38

The nodes of the stem are where the

Answer 38

Leaves are attached

Question 39

The internodes are the

Answer 39

Areas of the stem that are in between nodes

Question 40

What is the function of the stem?

Answer 40

It elongates and orients the shoot to maximize photosynthesis

Question 41

Leaves consist of

Answer 41

A blade and the petiole (joins leaf to node)

Question 42

Leaves develop from

Answer 42

The leaf primordia found along apical meristem

Question 43

What are the stomata?

Answer 43

Pores in the epidermis that allow for gas exchange and evaporation of H2O

Question 44

What regulates the opening and closing of the stomata?

Answer 44

Guard cells

Question 45

What are the three types of tissues found in plants?

Answer 45

- Vascular - Dermal - Ground

Question 46

What is the function of the vascular tissue?

Answer 46

It facilitates the transport of material through the plant and provides mechanical support

Question 47

Phloem transfers sugar to

Answer 47

Storage structures

Question 48

What allows for the continuous growth of plants?

Answer 48

Meristems

Question 49

What are meristems?

Answer 49

Unspecialized tissues of dividing cells

Question 50

Secondary growth is rare in monocots but can be found in

Answer 50

Gymnosperms and eudicots

Question 51

Large xylem is produced during the

Answer 51

Wet season

Question 52

Small xylem is produced during the

Answer 52

Dry season

Question 53

What is the sapwood?

Answer 53

The outer layers of the secondary xylem