Plant Evolution

Question 1

Closest ancestor of land plants

Answer 1

Green algae charophytes

Question 2

Describe the evolution cladogram

Answer 2

Ancestral algae –> Rhodophytes (red algae) –> Chlorophytes (other group of green algae) –> Charophytes + Embryophytes

Question 3

What is classified under viridiplantae

Answer 3

Chlorophytes, Charophytes, Embryophytes

Question 4

What is classified under streptophyta

Answer 4

Charophytes and embryophytes

Question 5

What is classified under plantae

Answer 5

Embryophytes (land plants)

Question 6

Rhodophytes

Answer 6

Red algae

Question 7

Chlorophyte

Answer 7

Green algae

Question 8

Charophyte

Answer 8

Green algae

Question 9

Embryophyte

Answer 9

Land plants

Question 10

What characteristic do rhodophytes and embryophytes share

Answer 10

Non-flagellated sperm/spores (advanced trait for land living even though rhodophyte is on land)

Question 11

4 derived features that embryophytes and charophytes share

Answer 11

Inside out cell wall production (vs. primitive linear), Peroxisome enzymes (reduces loss from photorespiration), structure of flagellated sperm, phragmoplast

Question 12

What is the phragmoplast made of

Answer 12

Microtubules

Question 13

Phragmoplast function

Answer 13

guides golgi vesicles with cell wall formation components (hemicellulose, etc)

Question 14

What is the arrangement of flagellated sperm in embryophytes and charophytes

Answer 14

9+2 (9 doublets surrounding 2 singles)

Question 15

Dynein

Answer 15

Motor protein that supports movement of flagella and cilia

Question 16

What synthesizes cellulose for a new cell wall

Answer 16

Rosette shaped complex embedded in plasma membrane

Question 17

Derived traits of plants (embryophytes)

Answer 17

Cuticle to prevent from dessication, generation alteration, walled spores with sporopollenin to minimize dehydration, multicellular dependent embryos, multicellular gametangia, Apical meristems, symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizae

Question 17

How do all other algae synthesize cellulose

Answer 17

Linear complex

Question 18

What is the precursor of the primary cell wall

Answer 18

Cell plate

Question 19

What does gametangia include

Answer 19

Archegonia and antheridia for gamete production

Question 20

What drives secondary growth

Answer 20

Lateral meristem

Question 21

Two types of lateral meristem

Answer 21

Vascular cambium and cork cambium

Question 22

What happens to the spores to make the gametophyte

Answer 22

Mitosis

Question 23

How are gametes produced

Answer 23

Mitosis

Question 24

How are spores produced

Answer 24

meiosis

Question 25

How is the sporophyte produced

Answer 25

Mitosis of zygote

Question 26

Sporopollenin function

Answer 26

Protection against dessication

Question 27

What ploidy is the sporophyte

Answer 27

diploid

Question 28

What ploidy is the spore

Answer 28

haploid

Question 29

What ploidy is the gametophyte

Answer 29

haploid

Question 30

What ploidy is the gamete

Answer 30

haploid

Question 31

What ploidy is the zygote

Answer 31

diploid

Question 32

Derived feature of gametangia

Answer 32

Multicellular

Question 33

What does the archegonia look like

Answer 33

Starshaped

Question 34

What does the antheridia look like

Answer 34

Umbrella/flower shaped

Question 35

Site of fertilization

Answer 35

Archegonia

Question 36

Function of apical meristem

Answer 36

Primary growth

Question 37

Types of apical meristems

Answer 37

Shoot, root, axillary bud, intercalary

Question 38

When can the axillary bud meristem be activated

Answer 38

When apical bud is removed

Question 39

Axillary bud meristem function

Answer 39

Primary growth of leaves (petioles), branches, flowers/fruits

Question 40

Intercallary meristem function

Answer 40

Regenerations after removal of apical bud

Question 41

Where is intercallary meristem found

Answer 41

Grasses (Poacaea)