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Biology GCSE > Plant organs and transport in plants > Flashcards

Plant organs and transport in plants Flashcards

1
Q

Where is meristem tissue found?

A

At the growing tips of shoots and roots

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2
Q

waxy cuticle

A
  • Protective layer on top of leaf, prevents water from evaporating
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3
Q

Upper epidermis

A
  • Thin and transparent to allow light to enter the palisade mesophyll layer underneath it.
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4
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

Column shaped cells tightly packed with chloroplasts to absorb more light, maximising photosynthesis

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5
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

contains internal air spaces that increases the surface area to volume ratio for the diffusion of gases (mainly carbon dioxide).

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6
Q

Lower epidermis

A

contains guard cells and stomata

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7
Q

Guard cell

A

Absorbs and loses water to open and close the stomata to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse in, oxygen to diffuse out

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8
Q

stomata

A

Where gas exchange takes place. It opens during the day; closes during the night. Evaporation of water also takes place from here. In most plants, found in much greater concentration on the underside of the leaf to reduce water loss.

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9
Q

Vascular bundle

A

Contains xylem and phloem to transport substances to and from the leaf

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10
Q

xylem

A

Transports water into the leaf for mesophyll cells to use in photosynthesis and transpiration from stomata.

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11
Q

Phloem

A

Transports sucrose and amino acids around the plant

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12
Q

Palisade mesophyll tissue is made from

A

palisade mesophyll cells

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13
Q

Feature- Large surface area- adaptation of leaves

A
  • Increases surface area for diffusion of carbon dioxide and absorption of light for photosynthesis
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14
Q

Feature- thin

A

Allows carbon dioxide to diffuse to the palisade mesophyll cells quickly

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15
Q

chlorophyll

A

Absorbs light energy so that photosynthesis can take place

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16
Q

Feature-network of veins

A
  • Allows the transport of water to the cells of the leaf and carbohydrates from the leaf for photosynthesis (water for photosynthesis, carbohydrates as a product of photosynthesis)
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17
Q

Feature- stomata

A
  • Allows carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf and oxygen to diffuse out
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18
Q

Feature- epidermis is thin and transparent

A
  • Allows more light to reach the palisade cells
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19
Q

Feature- thin cuticle made of wax

A
  • To protect the leaf without blocking sunlight
20
Q

Feature- palisade cell layer at the top of the leaf

A
  • Maximises the absorption of light as it will hit chloroplasts in the cell directly
21
Q

Feature- spongy layer

A

-Air spaces allow carbon dioxide to diffuse through the leaf, increasing the surface area

22
Q

Feature- vascular bundles

A
  • Thick cell walls of the tissue in the bundles help to support the stem and leaf.
23
Q

Pathway of CO2 molecule when leaf is photosynthesising

A

1, Higher concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere compared to inside the leaf
2, CO2 diffuses into leaf through open stoma into air space in spongy mesophyll
3, CO2 diffuses through cell wall and cell membrane of mesophyll cell, dissolves in cytoplasm and diffuses into chloroplast.

24
Q

The structure of a leaf enables

A

air to circulate within it to maximise the diffusion of carbon dioxide to the chloroplasts for photosynthesis

25
Q

The structure of a leaf enables

A

air to circulate within it to maximise the diffusion of carbon dioxide to the chloroplasts for photosynthesis

26
Q

What two types of transport vessel to plants contain?

A

xylem and phloem

27
Q

xylem vessels

A
  • transport water and minerals (pronounced: zi-lem) from the roots to the stem and leaves
  • It is composed of hollow tubes strengthened by lignin adapted for the transport of water in the transpiration stream
28
Q

Phloem vessels

A
  • transport food materials (mainly sucrose and amino acids) made by the plant from photosynthesising leaves to non-photosynthesising regions in the roots and stem (pronounced: flow-em)
  • (xylem and phloem)These vessels are arranged throughout the root, stem and leaves in groups called vascular bundles
29
Q

Root hair cells adaptations

A
  • Root hairs are single-celled extensions of epidermis cells in the root which increase the surface area of the cells significantly; this increases the rate of the absorption of water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport
  • They grow between soil particles and absorb water and minerals from the soil
30
Q

Pathway of water

A
  • Water enters the root hair cells by osmosis
  • This happens because soil water has a higher water potential than the cytoplasm of the root hair cell
  • Osmosis causes water to pass into the root hair cells, through the root cortex and into the xylem vessels
  • Once the water gets into the xylem, it is carried up to the leaves where it enters mesophyll cells
31
Q

Transpiration definition

A

Transpiration is defined as the loss of water vapour from plant leaves by evaporation of water at the surfaces of the mesophyll cells followed by diffusion of water vapour through the stomata

32
Q

How does a plant replace the water that has been lost due to transpiration?

A

Water travels up xylem from the roots into the leaves of the plant to replace the water that has been lost due to transpiration

33
Q

How is the xylem adapted?

A
  • A substance called lignin is deposited in the cell walls which causes the xylem cells to die
  • These cells then become hollow (as they lose all their organelles and cytoplasm) and join end-to-end to form a continuous tube for water and mineral ions to travel through from the roots
  • Lignin strengthens the plant to help it withstand the pressure of the water movement
34
Q

Movement in the xylem

A

It takes place in one direction-from the roots to the leaves

35
Q

The xylem contains

A

a continuous column of water

36
Q

What has an effect on the rate at which transpiration occurs?

A
  • air movement
  • humidity
  • temperature
  • light intensity
37
Q

Air movement- high

A

-More transpiration- good airflow removes water vapour surrounding the leaf which presents a concentration gradient between the leaf and the air, increasing water loss.

38
Q

Humidity- high

A

-Less transpiration because humidity is a measure of moisture (water vapour) in the air; when the air is saturated with water vapour, the concentration gradient is weaker so less water is lost.

39
Q

Light intensity -high

A

-More transpiration because guard cells are responsive to light intensity;when it is high they are turgid and the stomata open allowing water to be lost.

40
Q

Temperature high

A

-More transpiration because at higher temperatures, particles have more kinetic energy so transpiration occurs at a faster rate as water molecules evaporate from the mesophyll and diffuse away faster than at lower temperatures.

41
Q

Transpiration:stomata

A

-Stomata can be opened or closed depending on the conditions the plant is in; this activity is controlled by guard cells
-The role of stomata and guard cells (found predominantly on the underside of the leaf) is to control gas exchange and water loss
-Guard cells have cell walls with unevenly distributed cellulose – the inner wall is thicker and the outer wall is thinner to aid opening and closing of the stomata
-When the availability of water is high, guard cells become turgid as a result of osmosis
When guard cells are turgid, the stomata they surround are open and air can circulate in from the environment but water is consequently lost via transpiration
-When less water is available, the guard cells lose water by osmosis and become flaccid
-When guard cells are flaccid, they pull together, closing the stomata and reducing water loss via transpiration
-Stomata are predominantly distributed on the underside of the leaf where it is cooler and shaded (lower light intensity) – this leads to less transpiration and therefore less water loss

42
Q

Aphids get

A

sugars/sucrose from the plant

43
Q

PHloem and xylem differences

A 
Phloem
-they transport soluble food particles throughout the plant
-two-directional flow
-translocation
-living (engage in mitosis)
Xylem
-xylem vessels transport water molecules and mineral ions from the root system through the stem and to the leaf. 
-one directional flow
-(non-living)
44
Q

if guard cell is turgid

A

stomata opens

45
Q

If guard cell is flaccid

A

stomata closes

Biology GCSE (15 decks)

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