Plant reproduction

Question 1

What is parthenogenesis?

Answer 1

a natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization

Question 2

Describe what asexual reproduction is

Answer 2

one parent produces genetically identical offspring

Question 3

Whats the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

Answer 3

Asexual; 1 parent, sexual; 2 parents

asexual; genetically identical offspring, sexual; genetic variation among offspring

Question 4

What are the costs of sex?

Answer 4

• meiosis, recombination can expose harmful alleic combinations
• meiosis is slow
• energy used through mating

Question 5

What are the benefits of sex?

Answer 5

• sheds harmful mutations
• brings beneficial mutations into same genetic background
• more rapid evolution

Question 6

Which form of reproduction is faster?

Answer 6

Asexual

Question 7

What’s the difference between life cycles in plants and life cycles in animals?

Answer 7

Animal life cycle = diplontic

Land plant life cycle = haplodiplontic

Question 8

What’s teh difference between a haploid and a diploid cell?

Answer 8

Haploid =  single set of unpaired chromosomes
Diploid = 2 complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

Question 9

Whats the difference between a diplontic and a haplontic life cycle?

Answer 9

diplontic; main form is diploid
consists of free living in sporophyte in plants
haplontic; main form is haploid
consists of free living gametophyte

Question 10

Where does genetic variation come form in the land life cycle?

Answer 10

meiosis, where plant spores are made

Question 11

What is a sporophyte?

Answer 11

the asexual and usually diploid phase in plant life cycle

producing spores from which the gametophyte arises

Question 12

What is dominant form in vascular plants?

Answer 12

sporophyte

Question 13

What was the dominant form in early evolving plants?

Answer 13

gametophyte

Question 14

Describe the stages in a haplodiplontic life cycle of a plant?

Answer 14

1. gametophyte produces male and female gametes by mitosis
2. fusion of gametes produces a diploid zygote
3. this zygote develops into a sporophyte
4. sporophyte undergoes meiosis to makes spores
5. spores undergo mitosis to form gametophyte

Question 15

What is a gametophyte?(in the life cycle of plants with alternating generations)

Answer 15

the gamete-producing and usually haploid phase, producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises.

Question 16

What is the dominant form in bryophytes?

Answer 16

gametophyte

Question 17

What were the first plants on land?

Answer 17

bryophytes

Question 18

What was teh problem when plants moved from water to land?

Answer 18

they have motile sperm which swim so now there was no medium to disperse sex cells

Question 19

What is the significance of sphagnum moss?

Answer 19

first vascular plants to be spore bearing

Question 20

How are plant gametes produced?

Answer 20

by mitosis

Question 21

How are spores produced?

Answer 21

by meiosis

Question 22

What is an angiosperm?

Answer 22

a flowering/fruit bearing plant that have ovules develop in an enclosed ovary

Question 23

Name some strategies for dispersal of pollen

Answer 23

• wind dispersal

- animal dispersal

Question 24

Difference between a monocot and a dicot?

Answer 24

monocot contains one leaf, dicot contains 2 true leaves

Question 25

Difference between seeds and spores?

Answer 25

``` spores= haploid, unicellular, formed by meiosis seeds = diploid, multicellular, formed by mitosis ```

Question 26

Benefits of cross pollination and self pollination?

Answer 26

``` cross= beneficial due to genetic variation self = can be quicker ```

Question 27

Difference between monoecious and dioecious plants?

Answer 27

``` monoecious = male and female reproductive organs on same plant dioecious = separate male and female organs on different plants ```

Question 28

What are some mechanisms to prevent self pollination?

Answer 28

- genetic mechanisms to ensure outcrossing - or to ensure cross pollination - dioecious plants, cant self pollinate

Question 29

How does inter specific incompatibility prevent self pollination?

Answer 29

- pollen is rejected from donors of species different to that of the recipient because it is too dissimilar

Question 30

How does intra specific incompatibility prevent self pollination?

Answer 30

- pollen that originates from a donor plant of teh same species is rejected because it is too similar

Question 31

What is self incompatibility of a plant?

Answer 31

- the inability of a fully fertile hermaphroditic plant to produce zygotes when self pollinated

Question 32

What is teh difference between gametophic SI and sporophytic SI?

Answer 32

g SI = controlled by pollen haploid genotype | s SI= controlled by diploid pollen parental genotype

Question 33

describe 3 things about spores

Answer 33

haploid unicellular produced by meiosis

Question 34

In a plants reproductive cycle, do they have multicellular or unicellular stages?

Answer 34

multicellular

Question 35

what are the 4 stages in the order of plant evolution?

Answer 35

water to land first vascular plants first seed plants flowering plants

Question 36

Describe the 2 multicellular stages in a plant

Answer 36

1) gametophyte to gametes to zygote | 2) sporophyte to spores to gametophyte

Question 37

difference between spores and seeds

Answer 37

spores; haploid, multicellular, formed by meiosis | seeds; diploid, unicellular, formed by mitosis