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Biology LC some in chem > Plant Structure > Flashcards

Plant Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Draw a structure of flowering plant

A

.

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2
Q

What are the two portions of a plant?

A

Over ground shoot system and under ground root system

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3
Q

What are the parts of a plant

A

Apical bud, flower, stem, leaf, axillary bud, fruit, petiole, node, internode, node, primary (or tap) root, lateral (or secondary) root.

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4
Q

What is a meristem

A

An area of active cell division

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5
Q

Where are apical meristems found?

A

at the tip of the shoot and tip of the root and give an increase in length.

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6
Q

Where are lateral meristems found?

A

around the edges of some plants and give an increase in width

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7
Q

What are the functions of roots?

A

Anchor, absorb water, absorb minerals, transport absorbed materials to shoot, store food.

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8
Q

What are tap roots?

A

One main root growing from the radicle e.g. carrot

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9
Q

What are fibrous roots

A

Many equal sized roots arising from stem base e.g. grass

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10
Q

How many types of roots are there?

A

2

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11
Q

What are the four root zones?

A

Differentiation zone, elongation zone, meristematic zone, protection zone.

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12
Q

draw a diagram of a root

A

.

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13
Q

What happens in a differentiation zone?

A

Cells develop into 3 different types of tissue

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14
Q

What happens in an elongation zone?

A

Here cells increase in size

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15
Q

What happens in a meristematic zone?

A

Here new cells are produced by mitosis divisions

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16
Q

What happens in a protection zone?

A

A root cap protects the cells as the root pushes through the soil

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17
Q

Draw a transverse section of tissue location in a root

A

.

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18
Q

Name the tissues in the root

A

Dermal Tissue, Xylem, Vascular Tissue, Phloem, Ground Tissue

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19
Q

Draw a longitudinal section of the root

A

.

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20
Q

What are the functions of the stem?

A

Support the arial parts of the plant.
Transport water and minerals from roots to leafs.
Transport food from leafs to roots.
Sometimes store food

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21
Q

What are the functions of outer stem parts?

A

Terminal Bud - increase stem length
Lateral Bud - Grow side branches
Lenticels - Gas exchanges

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22
Q

Draw a diagram of a transverse section of tissue location in a stem.

A

.

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23
Q

Name the tissues in a stem

A

Dermal tissue, Xylem, Phloem, Ground tissue, Vascular tissue.

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24
Q

What are the functions of a leaf?

A

Photosynthesis, transpiration, gas exchange, sometimes store food.

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25
Q

What are the two types of cell in xylem?

A

xylem tracheids and xylem vessels

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26
Q

Where are xylem tracheids found?

A

conifers

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27
Q

Where are xylem vessels found?

A

deciduous trees

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28
Q

What are xylem cells like on maturity?

A

On maturity both are dead, hollow and contain no cytoplasm

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29
Q

Describe a xylem tracheid structure

A

Long cells tapered at both ends
Pits in the walls - allow water and minerals to mover sideways from cell to cell
Walls thickened with lignin for support

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30
Q

Draw a xylem tracheid structure

A

.

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31
Q

Draw a xylem vessels structure

A

.

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32
Q

Describe a xylem vessels structure

A

Elongated cells
Spiral lignin for strength
No end walls - form a continuous tube
Pits to allow sideways movement of water

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33
Q

What are the two types of cell in a phloem structure?

A

Sieve tube cells and companion cells

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34
Q

Draw a diagram of a phloem structure

A

.

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35
Q

What does the nucleus control in phloem?

A

the activities of both companion and sieve tube cell

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36
Q

What happens to cytoplasm in phloem structure?

A

Cytoplasm extends from cell to cell through the sieve plate

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37
Q

What is different about mature cells

A

mature cells have no nucleus

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38
Q

name the plates in a phloem structure

A

sieve plates

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39
Q

What is an example of a monocot?

A

grass

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40
Q

What is an example of a dicot?

A

buttercup

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41
Q

What is the number of cotyledons that monocotyledons and dicotyledons have?

A 
Monocots = one
Dicots = two
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42
Q

What is the arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem of the monocot and dicot like?

A 
monocot = scattered in the stem
dicot = in a ring pattern
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43
Q

What is the leaf venation of a monocot and a dicot like?

A 
monocot = parallel
dicot = netted
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44
Q

What is the number of flower parts in a monocot and a dicot?

A 
monocot = in threes
dicot = In fours and fives
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45
Q

Are monocots and dicots woody or herbaceous?

A 
Monocot = Almost all are herbaceous
Dicot = May be woody or herbaceous
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46
Q

What does an autotrophic organism do?

A

It makes it’s own food

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47
Q

How do plants make their own food?

A

photosynthesis

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48
Q

Why do plants need a transport system?

A

To provide the materials needed for various plant metabolic processes including photosynthesis, respiration, growth and reproduction.

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49
Q

What materials are transported in plants?

A

Water, carbon dioxide, minerals, carbohydrates produced in photosynthesis

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50
Q

How does water enter the root hair cells?

A

By osmosis

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51
Q

How are root hairs adapted to the process of osmosis?

A

By having thin walls and a large surface area

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52
Q

Draw a diagram of water moving through a plant

A

.

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53
Q

How does water move through a plant?

A

By diffusion from the root hairs into the ground tissue and eventually reaches the xylem

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54
Q

What do xylem form from roots to leaf?

A

continuous hollow pipes

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55
Q

Draw a diagram of water entering the root, labeling the root hair, ground tissue and xylem

A

.

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56
Q

How many mechanisms cause upward movement of water through the stem in the xylem and what are they called.

A

Two mechanisms combined to cause upward movement of water through the stem in the xylem - root pressure and transpiration.

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57
Q

How does root pressure cause upward movement of water through the stem in the xylem?

A

As water moves into the root by osmosis it builds up a pressure that pushes water up the xylem

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58
Q

How does transpiration cause upward movement of water through the stem in the xylem?

A

As water evaporates from the leaf by transpiration, more water is pulled upwards through the xylem and into the leaf

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59
Q

Draw a diagram of xylem vessels and tracheids.

A

.

60
Q

Draw the transpiration stream

A

.

61
Q

What is it called when water evaporates from the leaf cells?

A

transpiration

62
Q

What does transpiration create in a plant?

A

an osmotic gradient

63
Q

What happens to the leaf cells in a plant when an osmotic gradient is created?

A

They become less turgid

64
Q

What does the leaf cells in a plant becoming less turgid due to an osmotic gradient being created cause?

A

Water to move out of the xylem to the leaf cells

65
Q

What controls the water loss from a leaf?

A

The presence or absence of a cuticle and the opening and closing of the stomata

66
Q

How does the opening and closing of the stomata control the water loss from a leaf?

A

Stomata closing reduces water loss

Stomata opening increases water loss

67
Q

How does the presence or absence of a cuticle control the water loss from a leaf?

A

Water cannot pass through the cuticle. The presence of a cuticle helps reduce excessive loss of water.

68
Q

What are examples of mineral uses in a plant?

A

Calcium helps make cell walls

Magnesium is part of chlorophyll

69
Q

How are potassium, nitrates and phosphates absorbed and transported?

A

They are absorbed by active transport which requires energy. They are transported from the roots in the xylem, dissolved in water

70
Q

What are carbon dioxide sources in a plant?

A

Produced in the leaf during respiration

Diffuses from the air in through the stomata

71
Q

Name two photosynthesis products

A

Glucose and oxygen

72
Q

How is glucose used in the plant?

A

Glucose is converted to starch and glucose and starch are transported in the phloem

73
Q

How is oxygen used in the plant?

A

Oxygen is transported through the air spaces and out through the stomata by diffusion

74
Q

Give an example of a root modified to store food

A

carrot

75
Q

What do dicot plants produce, give an example

A

Dicot plants, e.g. carrots, produce one main tap root

76
Q

What happens to the one main tap root of a dicot plant?

A

It becomes fleshy and swollen with stored starch

77
Q

What is an example of a stem modified to store starch?

A

Potato

78
Q

What stem system do potatoes have?

A

An underground stem system

79
Q

What happens to the tips of the stems of potatoes?

What are the swollen stem tips known as?

A

The tips of these stems become swollen with stored starch. They are known as tubers.

80
Q

What are the parts of a potato tuber?

A

Apical bud, lenticel, lateral bud

81
Q

draw and label a potato tuber

A

.

82
Q

Give an example of a leaf modified to store food?

A

onion bulb

83
Q

What part of a plant is an onion bulb?

A

A reduced underground stem

84
Q

What are the leaves of the onion bulb like?

A

fleshy and swollen with stored starch

85
Q

What are the leaves of an onion bulb surrounding?

A

a central apical bud

86
Q

What are the parts/features of an onion bulb?

A

dry scaley leaves, fleshy leaves, apical bud, reduced stem, adventitious roots

87
Q

What does the cohesion-tension model of xylem transport do?

A

Explains how water is transported in plants to extreme heights against the force of gravity

88
Q

Who proposed the cohesion-tension model of xylem transport?

A

Henry Dixon and John Joly

89
Q

Where did Henry Dixon and John Joly work?

A

Working in Trinity College 1894

90
Q

What does cohesion mean in terms of the cohesion-tension model of xylem transport? Give an example.

A

Similar molecules sticking together e.g. water sticking to water

91
Q

What does adhesion mean in terms of the cohesion-tension model of xylem transport? Give an example.

A

Different molecules sticking together e.g. Water sticking to xylem walls

92
Q

What is the first stage of the cohesion-tension model of xylem transport?

A

Cohesion between water molecules in the narrow xylem tubes causes the water to form into a continuous column or stream in the xylem.

93
Q

What is the second stage of the cohesion-tension model of xylem transport?

A

As water molecules evaporate in transpiration at the leaf cohesion between the water molecules replaces the water by pulling the next water molecule up the xylem`. As the column is hard to break this pull is felt down the entire column of water to the root.

94
Q

What is the third stage of the cohesion-tension model of xylem transport?

A

Transpiration from the leaf puts the column of water under tension tension can pull a column of water to great heights in plants.

95
Q

What causes the column of water to be stretched?

A

tension

96
Q

What prevents the column breaking?

A

Cohesive forces between the water molecules are strong enough to prevent the column breaking.

97
Q

What prevents the xylem from collapsing in?

A

lignin in the walls

98
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

The ability to detect change and to respond is called sensitivity.

99
Q

Response

A

Response is a form of defence that allows organisms to survive.

100
Q

How do plants adapt to new situations?

A

Plant adapt to new situations by modifying their growth by means of chemicals called growth regulators [hormones]

101
Q

What is growth?

A

Growth is the increase the number, size and volume of cells.

102
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A hormone is a chemical produced in one part of an organism, transported to other tissues where it has its effect.

103
Q

What are external factors that regulate the growth of plant?

A

External factors that regulate the growth of plants are light intensity, day length, gravity, temperature.

104
Q

What is development?

A

Development means the changes that lead to specialised tissues and organs.

105
Q

In what way are plant growth regulators active?

A

They are active in very small amounts

106
Q

Where are plant growth regulators produced?

A

They are produced in the meristems

107
Q

Where are plant growth regulators transported?

A

In the xylem and phloem

108
Q

What are plant growth regulators effects dependent on?

A

Their effects are dependent on concentration

109
Q

What can have a great effect on the growth of a plant?

A

A small amount of growth regulator can have great effect on growth

110
Q

What is a coleoptile?

A

The sheath around the leaves and shoot of grass seedlings, such as corn or oats.

111
Q

What is a trophism?

A

A plant’s response to a stimulus coming from one direction, e.g. sunlight, gravity

112
Q

Phototropism

A

is a growth response of a stem towards light

113
Q

Geotropism

A

is the growth of a plant in response to gravity

114
Q

Thigmotropism

A

is the growth of a plant in response to contact

115
Q

Hydrotropism

A

is the response of roots to water - they will grow towards it.

116
Q

Chemotropism

A

is the plant’s response to chemicals

117
Q

What do auxins do?

A

promote cell enlargement and growth and are involved in phototropism and apical dominance

118
Q

How does phototropism work?

A

In shoots, light causes auxin to move down the shaded part of the stem, causing the shoot to grow towards the sunlight

119
Q

What can artificial auxins be used for?

A

Artifical auxins can also be used to kill weeds, stimulate roots formation in cuttings.

120
Q

Draw a diagram of the effect of auxins on phototropism

A

.

121
Q

What do gibberellins do?

A

Cause stem lengthening, mobilise the stored food in germinating seeds and break dormancy in buds and seeds in spring

122
Q

What do cytokinins do?

A

Stimulate cell division (mitosis) and trigger leaf growth in spring

123
Q

What does abscisin do?

A

Abscisic acid triggers bud and seed dormancy in autumn and inhibits cell growth.

124
Q

What does ethene do?

A

Ethene promotes ripening of fruit and the fall of leaves, flowers and fruits.

125
Q

How are artificial auxins used in rooting powders?

A

Artificial auxins are used in rooting powders to stimulate root formation in stem cuttings

126
Q

How is a synthetic auxin used as a selective weedkiller?

A

A synthetic auxin [2, 4-D] is used as a selective weedkiller, making the plants grow too fast.

127
Q

How is fruit transported unripe and then quickly ripened?

A

Fruit is transported green unripe, and can then be quickly ripened by spraying it with ethene.

128
Q

What are two ways plants can adapt themselves for protection in two ways?

A
  1. Structural or anatomical adaptations

2. Chemical adaptations

129
Q

What is bark/epidermis structurally adapted to do?

A

Prevents entry of microbes and reduces loss of water

130
Q

What is a thick cuticle structurally adapted to do?

A

a thick cuticle on stem or leaves to prevent loss of water in plants that live in dry places

131
Q

What are thorns structurally adapted to do?

A

Thorns prevent plants from being eaten by herbivores

132
Q

What is a stinging cell structurally adapted to do?

A

Stinging cell in epidermis prevent plants being eaten

133
Q

What are guard cells structurally adapted to do?

A

Guard cells change shape when they lose water which causes stomata to close and this reduces water loss.

134
Q

What are Tannins chemically adapted to do?

A

Production of Tannins to make the plant indigestible

135
Q

What are toxic chemicals chemically adapted to do?

A

Production of toxic chemicals to prevent growth of insect larvae

136
Q

What are strychnine and nicotine chemically adapted to do?

A

Production of strychnine and nicotine in legumes that damage nerves and muscles

137
Q

What are heat shock proteins chemically adapted to do?

A

Production of heat shock proteins to protect enzymes when temperatures are high

138
Q

What is plant’s most important adaptation?

A

Plants can grow and regenerate throughout their life. They can produce new roots, stems, leaves.

139
Q

What do auxins promote?

A

Promote cell enlargement and growth.

140
Q

What are auxins involved in?

A

Are involved in phototropism - stem bends towards light

141
Q

What are auxins responsible for?

A

Responsible for apical dominance, where the main bud inhibits the growth of buds lower down stem.

142
Q

What do auxins regulate?

A

Regulate the differentiation of the vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)

143
Q

What is the most abundant naturally-occuring auxin?

A

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the most abundant naturally- occuring auxin.

144
Q

What is IAA?

A

IAA (Indoleacetic acid) is an auxin that is made in the meristems of shoots, buds and root, and in the tips of coleoptiles [of grasses].

145
Q

How does auxin travel and what happens to it?

A

Auxin travels backwards from the tip in the vascular tissue and causes cells to elongate (get longer).

146
Q

What does the cells elongating due to auxin cause?

A

This makes the zones of elongation grow and so the tip is pushed further upwards (in shoots) and downwards (in roots)

147
Q

What is elongation caused by auxins movement caused by?

A

Movement is by active transport from cell to cell, this requires energy.

Biology LC some in chem (24 decks)

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