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Biology LC some in chem > Skeleton > Flashcards

Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Draw a diagram of the skeleton

A

.

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2
Q

What do skeletons provide?

A

Support, protection of internal organs and a rigid frame for movement.

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3
Q

How many bones in the skeleton? How many parts of the skeleton and what are they called?

A

The human skeleton has 206 bones, which can be divided into two parts: axial and appendicular.

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4
Q

What are the parts of the axial skeleton?

A

Axial skeleton - skull, ribs (12 pairs), sternum (breastbone) and vertebrae (backbone).

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5
Q

What are the parts of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Appendicular skeleton - pectoral and pelvic girdles, and their attached limbs (arms and legs)

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6
Q

What is the spine and how many bones in it?

A

The spine (vertebral column, backbone) is a series of 33 bones (vertebrae).

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7
Q

Name the parts of the spine with amounts of vertebrae

A

Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacrum (5, fused), Coccyx (tailbone) (4 fused)

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8
Q

What are the main parts of the appendicular skeleton 1?

A

pectoral girdle and attached limb (arm)

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9
Q

What is the other name for collar bone?

A

clavicl

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10
Q

What is the other name for shoulder blade?

A

scapula

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11
Q

What is the name for the bones in your hands?

A

carpals and metacarpals

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12
Q

What are the main parts of the appendicular skeleton 2?

A

pelvic girdle, attached limb (leg)

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13
Q

What is another name for knee cap?

A

patella

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14
Q

What is another name for thigh bone?

A

femur

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15
Q

What is a name for the bones in the foot?

A

tarsals and metatarsals

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16
Q

What does a long bone contain?

A

A long bone contains a hollow centre region called the medullary cavity, containing yellow bone marrow that stores fat.

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17
Q

What is the periosteum

A

The periosteum is a tough fibrous layer surrounding each bone.

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18
Q

What covers the tips of bones in joints and what does it do?

A

Cartilage covers the tips of bones in joints, reducing friction, and acting as a shock absorber.

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19
Q

What are the main parts of a long bone?

A

head x2 and shaft

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20
Q

What covers the ends of a long bone?

A

cartilage

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21
Q

Draw a diagram of a long bone

A

.

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22
Q

What type of bone is in the head of a long bone and what is its function?

A

Spongy bone with red marrow (makes red blood cells)

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23
Q

What types of bone are in the shaft of a long bone?

A

Compact bone (hard) and spongy bone with yellow marrow (mainly fat)

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24
Q

What does compact bone consist of?

A

Compact bone consists of living cells (osteocytes) embedded in a matrix of calcium salts and a protein called collagen.

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25
Q

What is compact bone and where is it found?

A

Compact bone is very dense and is found mainly at the outer edge of bones

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26
Q

What does spongy bone consist of?

A

Spongy bone consists of a network of thin, bony columns and plates along with spaces filled with marrow [red or yellow]

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27
Q

What does spongy bone give to bones?

A

It gives moderate strength to bones but makes them lighter.

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28
Q

What does red marrow do?

A

Red marrow makes blood cells (red, white and platelets).

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29
Q

What is a joint?

A

A joint is where the two bones meet

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30
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

Ligaments hold the bones together at joints

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31
Q

How many types of joints are there and name them?

A

There are three main types of joint: immovable, partially movable and movable.

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32
Q

What is an immovable joint and give examples

A

Immovable joint - bones are fused, e.g. skull, pelvis.

33
Q

What is a partially movable joint and give examples

A

Partially movable joint - bones slide over each other, e.g. wrist, ankle, spine.

34
Q

Give an example of a freely moving joint and what is another name for it?

A

Freely moving (synovial) joint - ball-and-socket and hinge.

35
Q

What does synovial fluid do?

A

Synovial fluid lubricates a joint and acts as a cushion

36
Q

What does a ball-and-socket joint allow? Give examples of one

A

Ball-and-socket joint - allows movement in most directions, e.g. hip, shoulder.

37
Q

What does a hinge joint do? Give examples of one

A

Hinge joint - allows movement in one plane only, e.g. elbow, knee, finger, toe.

38
Q

Draw a diagram of a knee joint

A

.

39
Q

What are the parts of a knee joint?

A

Muscle, tendon, cartilage, knee cap, femur, capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, tibia, ligament

40
Q

What do muscles do?

A

Muscles pull on bones and so provide movement

41
Q

What are muscles attached to a bone by?

A

tendons

42
Q

What is the only thing muscles can do?

A

Muscles can only pull [when they contract]

43
Q

Can muscles push?

A

no

44
Q

What is another name for the head of the bone?

A

epiphysis

45
Q

What is another name for the middle of the bone?

A

diaphysis

46
Q

Why are muscles arranged in antagonistic pairs?

A

muscles can only pull not push

47
Q

What are antagonistic muscles pairs?

A

pairs of muscles that operate in different directions

48
Q

What are muscles always arranged in?

A

antagonistic muscle pairs

49
Q

Give an example of an antagonistic muscle pair

A

the biceps and triceps, which control arm movement

50
Q

Name a bone disorder

A

Arthritis

51
Q

What is arthritis?

A

Arthritis is a painful disorder where there is inflammation in one or more joints, resulting in swelling, warmth, pain and restricted movement.

52
Q

What can cause arthritis?

A

Many diseases can be a cause of arthritis, e.g. gout, TB and infections of the synovial membranes. Cartilage can degenerate through wear and tear, and old age.

53
Q

How can cartilage degenerate?

A

Cartilage can degenerate through wear and tear, and old age.

54
Q

What can prevent arthritis?

A

Could be through good diet, care in selection of footwear, not putting the bones and joints under excessive stress during exercise.

55
Q

How can you treat arthritis?

A

With aspirin to reduce the swelling and pain, in severe cases, replacement with an artificial joint [e.g. the head of the femur in a hip joint].

56
Q

What are the two types of arthritis?

A

rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis

57
Q

What is the skeleton first made of and what does this become? When does it become this?

A

In humans and other mammals, the skeleton of the embryo is first made of cartilage, and then replaced by bone while we are still in the womb.

58
Q

What are bone forming cells called and what do they do when first making bone in the womb?

A

Bone forming cells called osteoblasts, invade the cartilage and produce a matrix of hard calcium phosphate and protein in which they become trapped.

59
Q

Where does growth occur in the bone?

A

Growth occurs at the growth plate, the junction between the head (epiphysis) and the shaft (diaphysis) in the bone

60
Q

Where is cartilage replaced by bones first?

A

At three centres of bone formation in the shaft and in the two heads of the bone

61
Q

What happens when the shaft and head of a bone fused together on a human?

A

When the shaft and head fuse together, growth stops and the skeleton reaches its adult’s height.

62
Q

What does bone have running through the hard calcium salts?

A

Bone has collagen fibres [a protein] running through the hard calcium salts.

63
Q

What does the combination of collagen fibres and hard calcium salts do?

A

The combination of the two materials gives it greater strength than either material on their own

64
Q

What can the collagen fibres running through hard calcium salts in bone be compared to?

A

It is similar to reinforced concrete (concrete with metal rods and wire through it)

65
Q

What happens if you burn a bone?

A

If you burn a bone it crumbles

66
Q

Why does a bone crumble when it burns?

A

The burning removes the living cells and the protein “wire”, leaving only the hard calcium salts, which crumble apart easily.

67
Q

What happens if you put a bone in acid for a day?

A

If you put a bone in acid for a day, it becomes flexible and you can bend it.

68
Q

Why would bone become flexible and bendy after being put in acid for a day?

A

The acid removes the hard calcium salts, leaving the flexible protein [collagen] fibres.

69
Q

What are bone-forming cells called?

A

osteoblasts

70
Q

What is the growth plate?

A

The area between the epiphysis and the diaphysis in a long bone within which bone growth occurs

71
Q

What is the increase in the length of a bone due to?

A

a growth plate made of cartilage

72
Q

Where is the growth plate found?

A

between the epiphysis and the diaphysis of the bone

73
Q

What happens in a growth plate?

A

Cartilage is continually formed and turned into bone (ossified)

74
Q

What is it called when cartilage is turned into bone?

A

it is ossified

75
Q

When does the growth plate cease to function?

A

When a person becomes an adult

76
Q

What does the growth plates ceasing to function do?

A

Limits the growth of the bones and the height of the individual

77
Q

What is said to terminate the development of adult height?

A

The inactivation of the growth plate

78
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

a bone digesting cell

Biology LC some in chem (24 decks)

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