Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
When did people first begin to domesticate plants?
A
about 10,000 years ago
2
Q
What changed the phenotype of domesticated plants?
A
artificial selection
3
Q
What are the 2 major groups of plants?
A
- monocots
2. eudicots
4
Q
Define cotyledons
A
embryonic leaves of a seed
5
Q
Monocot characteristics
A
- one cotyledon
- parallel veins
- scattered vascular tissue
- floral parts are in multiples of 3
- fibrous root system
6
Q
Eudicot characteristics
A
- two cotyledons
- branched veins
- vascular tissue arranged in rings
- floral parts in multiples of 4/5
- taproot is present
7
Q
Define stele
A
vascular tissue derived from the procambium
8
Q
list 3 examples of plant organs
A
- roots
- stems
- leaves
9
Q
what is the function of each of the following?
- terminal bud
- leaf
- flower
- axillary bud
- stem
- shoot system
A
- grows stem (height)
- main organ of photosynthesis
- reproductive organ
- branch production
- supports leaves and flowers
- site of photosynthesis
10
Q
what is the function of each of the following?
- root hairs
- root system
A
- increase area for absorption
2. anchors plant, absorbs nutrients, stores food
11
Q
Through what source have plant organs been taken advantage of?
A
artificial selection
12
Q
enlarged roots are for
A
nutrient storage
13
Q
list 4 examples of root crops.
A
- carrots
- beets
- turnips
- rutabaga
14
Q
enlarged roots store carbohydrates in the form of..
A
starch and sugar
15
Q
define stolon
A
modified stems for asexual reproduction
aka runners
16
Q
define tissue
A
a group of cells that perform a specialized function
17
Q
dermal tissue system in plants consists of…
A
stomata w/ guard cells
18
Q
vascular tissue system in plants consists of
A
xylem and phloem
19
Q
function of xylem
A
convey water and dissolved minerals
20
Q
function of phloem
A
transport sugars
21
Q
ground tissue functions in
A
storage, photosynthesis, and support
22
Q
plants 3 unique structures
A
- chloroplasts are site of photosynthesis
- central vacuole containing fluid maintains cell firmness
- protective cell wall composed of cellulose
23
Q
List 5 major types of plant cells
A
- parenchyma
- collenchyma
- sclerenchyma
- water-conducting cells
- food-conducting cells
24
Q
define parenchymas
A
cells that perform most metabolic functions of a plant
25
define collenchyma
cells that provide flexible support in actively growing parts of a cell
26
define sclerenchyma
cells with rigid secondary walls that support the plant
27
examples of water conducting cells
tracheid's and vessel elements
28
examples of food-conducting cells
sieve-tube elements
29
parenchyma cell characteristics
- most abundant cell type
- perform most metabolism
- thin primary cell wall
- are pluripotent
30
define pluripotent
can transform into other types of cells
31
collenchyma cell characteristics
- thick primary cell wall
- long and flexible
- in growing tissue
- flexible support
32
sclerenchyma cell characteristics
- fiber cells
- thick secondary cell walls
- arranged in strands
- mature cells often die (woody tissue)
33
what are the two types of sclerenchyma?
1. fiber
| 2. sclereid
34
the thick secondary cell wall in sclerenchyma cells is composed of?
lignin
35
examples of xylem's cells
tracheid's and vessel elements
36
describe tracheid's
long, thin with tapered ends
37
describe vessel elements
- thick and shorter
| - opening in ends of cells
38
sieve-tube elements are found in
phloem
39
sieve-tube elements transport
photosynthates
40
sieve-tube elements are provided with nutrients by a
companion cell
41
sieve-tube elements are NOT
metabolically active
42
define determined growth
stopping growth after a certain size
43
define indeterminate growth
continuous growing throughout the plants life
44
names that categorize plants based in the length of their cell cycle
annuals, biennials, perennials
45
types of growth in plants
- primary growth
| - secondary growth
46
define primary growth
lengthens roots and shoots
47
define secondary growth
increases diameter
48
meristems are found at..
- tips of roots
- terminal buds
- axillary buds
49
in roots apical meristems are protected by a
hard root cap
50
3 zones of growth are
1. zone of cell division
2. zone of elongation
3. zone of differentiation
51
what prevents the widening of the cell?
cellulose fibers
52
define vascular cambium
cylinder of meristems that produce xylem and phloem
53
what structures lie outside of the vascular cambium?
- secondary phloem
- cork cambium
- cork
(all compose bark)
54
early growth produces _____ and later growth produces _____.
big thin-walled cells
small thick-walled cells
55
growth rings in plants are the result of?
secondary xylem
56
what tissue allows a tree to grow and repair damage throughout its life?
meristem
57
what are the 4 types of modified leaves called floral organs?
1. sepals
2. petals
3. stamen
4. carpel
58
define sepals
enclose and protect a flower bud
59
purpose of petals
to advertise the flower to pollinators
60
stamen consists of
- stalk(filament)
| - anther
61
purpose of anther
pollen production via meiosis
62
carpel consists of
- style
- stigma
- ovary
63
purpose of stigma
sticky to catch pollen
64
ovary contains
one or more ovules
65
ovules contain
a developing egg and supporting cells
66
male gametophyte in flowers
pollen
67
female gametophyte in flowers
ovule
68
define sporophyte
diploid plant body
69
define gametophytes
haploid cells produced by the sporophyte
70
spores in anthers give rise to male
gametophytes that produce sperm
71
a spore in an ovule produces the
embryo sac
72
pollination is the
transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
73
pollen undergoes meiosis and creates
4 spores
74
each spore undergoes mitosis to produce
a tube and generative cell
75
central cell of the ovule undergoes
meiosis
76
after meiosis of the central cell
3 cells die and one grows and undergoes mitosis
77
pollen _____ on the stigma and the ____ ____ grows down to the _____.
germinates
tube cell
ovary
78
generative cells divides by _____ and travels down the _____ to the _____.
mitosis
tube
ovary
79
generative cells fertilize the
egg cell and embryonic sac
80
define endosperm
food storing tissue
81
the ovule develops into the
seed
82
the ovary develops into the
fruit
83
define a fruit
a mature ovary that acts as a vessel. It houses/protects seeds and helps with their dispersion
84
a seed is a form of "______ ____" in which the embryo lies _______.
escape pod
dormant
85
the life cycle continues with
germination
86
steps in germination
-seed germinates and takes up water and expands
-the embryo resumes growth and absorbs nutrients from the endosperm
embryonic root emerges and pushes the shoot upwards expanding its leaves
87
steps of seed germination for monocots
- protective sheath surrounding the shoot pushes upwards and breaks through the soil
- the shoot tip grows up through the tunnel provided by the sheath
(corn cotyledon remains in the soil and decomposes )
88
define clone
an asexually produced genetically identical organism
89
asexual reproduction can occur by
- fragmentation
| - through outgrowths of root systems
90
Which mode of reproduction would be more advantageous in a location where the composition of the soil is constantly changing?
sexual reproduction
causes genetic variation which allows future generations to survive with the changing environment
91
propagating plants asexually can increase _____ but decrease ______.
agricultural productivity
genetic diversity
