Behavior II

Question 1

behavioral ecologists use what to study foraging?

Answer 1

cost-benefit analysis

Question 2

foraging includes

Answer 2

identifying, obtaining, and eating food

Question 3

define a search image

Answer 3

a mental picture of the desired food

Question 4

what enables an animal to find particular foods efficiently?

Answer 4

a search image

Question 5

the optimal foraging model predicts…

Answer 5

the feeding behavior that will maximize energy gain and minimize energy expenditure and risk

Question 6

the optimal foraging models observes what 3 objectives?

Answer 6

1. handling time
2. calories
3. predict size of the most consumed insect

Question 7

what other costs can be included in the optimal foraging model?

Answer 7

• exposure
• risk
• organisms’ predation
• lost reproduction

Question 8

what is an essential element of interactions between animals?

Answer 8

communication

Question 9

define a signal according to behavioral ecology

Answer 9

a stimulus transmitted by one animal to another

Question 10

communication signals can be:

Answer 10

• visual
• olfactory
• physical
• auditory

Question 11

what enhances reproductive success?

Answer 11

mating systems and parental care

Question 12

mating systems can be…

Answer 12

• promiscuous
• monogamous
• polygamous

Question 13

promiscuous systems have

Answer 13

strong pair-bonds or lasting relationships

Question 14

monogamous systems have..

Answer 14

one male and one female that shared potential care

Question 15

polygamous systems have…

Answer 15

the individual of one sex mating with several others

Question 16

what explains the differences in mating systems and parental care by males?

Answer 16

the needs of offspring and certainty of paternity

Question 17

what influences behavior?

Answer 17

chemical pollutants

Question 18

define endocrine disruptors

Answer 18

a diverse group of substances that affect the vertebrate endocrine system

Question 19

how do endocrine disruptors affect the vertebrate endocrine system?

Answer 19

by mimicking a hormone or enhancing/inhibiting hormone activity

Question 20

how do endocrine disruptors enter ecosystems?

Answer 20

discharge from paper, lumbar mills, agriculture, factory wastes

Question 21

endocrine disruptors have been linked to

Answer 21

• fish that lack territorial defense
• salamanders that ignore mating cues
• birds with sloppy nest building techniques
• mice that take unexplainable risks

Question 22

define social behavior

Answer 22

any kind of interaction between 2 or more animals

Question 23

sociobiology is the study of

Answer 23

how social behaviors are adaptive and how they could have evolved by natural selection

Question 24

social behavior is reliant upon

Answer 24

communication

Question 25

define a territory

Answer 25

a fixed location that individuals defend from other members of the same species

Question 26

territories are usually used for

Answer 26

feeding, mating, and rearing young

Question 27

conflicts that arise over limited resources are settled by

Answer 27

agonistic behavior

Question 28

agonistic behavior consists of

Answer 28

threats, rituals, and combat

Question 29

agonistic behavior determines..

Answer 29

which organism gains access to a resource and its evolutionary fitness

Question 30

define dominance hierarchy

Answer 30

the ranking of individuals based on social interaction

Question 31

examples of dominance hierarchy include...

Answer 31

- pecking order in chickens | - hierarchies in female wolves

Question 32

define altruism

Answer 32

a behavior that reduces an individual's fitness while increasing the fitness of others

Question 33

J. B. S. Haldane announced that he was prepares to

Answer 33

lay down his life for 8 cousins and 2 bothers

Question 34

what concept describes an individual's success at perpetuating its genes?

Answer 34

inclusive fitness

Question 35

define kin selection

Answer 35

natural selection favoring altruistic behavior that benefits relatives

Question 36

what study provided empirical support for kin selection?

Answer 36

Belding's ground squirrels

Question 37

define eusociality

Answer 37

the highest level of organization of sociality

Question 38

what characteristics define eusociality?

Answer 38

- cooperative brood care - overlapping generations within a colony of adults - division of reproductive and non-reproductive groups