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Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy > PLANT STRUCTURES AND FUNTIONS > Flashcards

PLANT STRUCTURES AND FUNTIONS Flashcards

1
Q

Most plants have _____ ______, _____, _____, and _______.

A

green leaves, stems, roots, and flowers

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2
Q

first invented microscope was not useful (blurry & indiscernible details)

A

1500

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3
Q

When did Anton van Leeuwenhoek made the microscope?

A

1632-1723

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4
Q

an English Physicist made significant discovery with the
microscope (2 lenses)—using a cork he identified dead cells

A

Robert Hooke

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5
Q

Scottish botanist first identified and named the cells NUCLEUS

A

Robert Brown

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6
Q

Biologist concluded that all organisms are composed of cells

A

Late 1830’s

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7
Q

German biologists Matthias Schleiden, a botanist (1838) and
Theodor Schwann, a zoologist published papers that is now
known as?

A

CELL THEORY

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8
Q

stated all plants composed of cells

A

Matthias Schleiden

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9
Q

stated all animals also composed of cells – thus claimed all living things composed of cells

A

Theodor Schwann

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10
Q

stated all cells come from preexisting cells

A

Rudolf Virchow

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11
Q

stated all cells existing today originated from ancient cells

A

August Weismann

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12
Q

All organisms are made up of _____.

A

cells

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13
Q

the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms

A

cells

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14
Q

All cells come from cells that already ____.

A

exist

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15
Q

All plant cells have the same basic __________ ____________

A

eukaryotic organization

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16
Q

Contains many __________ with specific functions

A

organelles

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17
Q

Enclosed by a membrane which defines their __________

A

boundaries

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18
Q

Plants cells has presence of ____ ____

A

Cell Wall

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19
Q

animal cell have no?

A

cell wall, plastid, chloroplast

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20
Q

plant cell: rectangular
animal cell?

A

round

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21
Q

centrioles is always present in?

A

animal cell

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22
Q

centrioles of plant cell is only present in?

A

lower plant forms

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23
Q

taking up 90% of the cell volume at the central part of plant cell
singular or small if found in animal cell

A

Vacuole

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24
Q

Plasma Membrane in animal cell: Cell Membrane only
in plant cell?

A

Cell Membrane + Cell Wall

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25
Q

for protection; for photosynthesis

A

cell wall

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26
Q

main component of cell wall

A

Cellulose

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27
Q

a glue like substance that holds cellulose fibrils together

A

Hemicellulose

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28
Q

Cell walls are held together by?

A

MIDDLE LAMELLA

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29
Q

middle lamella is made up of?

A

Cellulose, Xyloglucan, Pectin, Proteins, Ca2+ ions, Lignin, Water & other ions

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30
Q

the organic material that gives stiffness to fruit jellies

A

Pectin

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31
Q

proteins associated with sugar

A

Glycoprotein

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32
Q

composed of cellulose deposited between the primary cell wall and plasma membrane to render support, strength and protection

A

Secondary cell walls

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33
Q
  • tiny strands of cytoplasm that extends between cell openings
  • Where transfer of sugar, ions, & other substances occur
A

PLASMODESMATA (sing. PLASMODESMA)

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34
Q

are permeable it allows movement of water &dissolved substances in & out of the cell

A

CELL WALLS & Middle lamellae

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35
Q
  • consists of all of the contents outside of the nucleus and enclosed within the cell membrane of a cell
  • It is clear in color and has a gel-like appearance
  • composed mainly of water but also contains enzymes, salts, organelles, and various organic molecules
A

CYTOPLASM

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36
Q
  • THE OUTER boundary of the cell
  • thin semi-permeable layer that regulates substances that goes in & out of the cell
  • Composed ofPHOSPHOLIPIDS in 2 layers interspersed with protein
A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

37
Q

It mediates the transport of
substances into and out of the
protoplasm

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

38
Q

It coordinates the synthesis
and assembly of cellulose
microfibrils

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

39
Q

relays hormonal and environmental signals involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

40
Q
  • Grayish, spherical to ellipsoidal lump
  • Control center of the cell for growth, differentiation, & storage of hereditary information (passed on from cell to cell)
  • DNA “blue prints”
A

NUCLEUS

41
Q

in green cells the nucleus are
obscured by?

A

chloroplast

42
Q

NUCLEAR ENVELOP membrane that envelops the

A

nucleus

43
Q

granular fluid in the nucleus; suspends larger bodies

A

NUCLEOPLASM

44
Q

composed of RNA & proteins

A

NUCLEOLI (SING. NUCLEOLUS)

45
Q
  • Produces ribosomes
  • Moves the Endoplasmic Reticulum and is critical in protein synthesis
A

Nucleolus

46
Q
  • Thin strands involved in the process of dividing
  • Not visible in light microscope unless stained
  • Composed of protein & DNA
A

CHROMATIN

47
Q
  • Condensed chromatin strands
  • thicker and shorter strands
  • Structure of DNA that carries genes and functions of the cell
A

CHROMOSOMES

48
Q
  • An enclosed space with network of flattened sacs & tubes forming
    channels
  • Connected with the outer membrane of the nucleus
  • Facilitates cellular communication & channeling of materials
  • Primary site for membrane synthesis within the cell
A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

49
Q

with ribosomes; associated with synthesis, secretion or storage of proteins

A

Rough ER

50
Q

associated with lipid secretion

A

Smooth ER

51
Q
  • Rough ellipsoidal in shape
  • Composed of 2 subunits that are composed of RNA & proteins
  • NOT membrane bound; NOT an organelle
A

ribosomes

52
Q

how many kinds of protein are found in each ribosome of prokaryotic cell & slightly higher in eukaryotic?

A

55 kinds of protein

53
Q
  • Are stacks of flattened discs or vesicles scattered in the cytoplasm
  • Bound by branching tubules from the ER
  • Responsible for collecting, packaging, and delivery center or “post office” of the cell
A

DICTYOSOMES/ GOLGI APPARATUS

54
Q

They occur in a variety of shapes and sizes (with the chloroplast)

A

PLASTIDS

55
Q

_____ ______ have more chloroplast

A

higher plants

56
Q

For higher plants the chloroplast resemble _ _______ glued together

A

2 frisbees

57
Q

found within the chloroplast formed from membranes like a stack of coins

A

GRANA

58
Q

stacks of 2-100 found in each granum; it contains green CHLOROPHYLL pigments; where the 1st steps of photosynthesis happen

A

THYLAKOIDS

59
Q
  • “before” plastids
  • Small pale green or colorless organelles with almost the same size and form of mitochondria
  • Fewer thylakoids
  • They divide and distribute throughout the cell
A

Proplastids

60
Q

This is where plastids arise

A

Proplastids

61
Q

Membranes contain this and it’s associated proteins

A

chlorophyll

62
Q
  • Site of photosynthesis
  • Have inner & outer membranes
  • Surrounded by Stroma; Works like mitochondria
A

Chloroplast

63
Q

During photosynthesis, ___ from stroma provide the energy for the production of sugar molecules

A

ATP

64
Q

ATP means?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

65
Q

colorless liquid portion of chloroplast containing enzyme involved
in photosynthesis

A

STROMA

66
Q

Chloroplast contain ____ ________ ___ _________ that encodes for production of proteins needed for photosynthesis & RNA & ribosome facilitate protein synthesis

A

small circular DNA structure

67
Q

Chromoplasts lack?

A

chlorophyll

68
Q

Chromoplasts synthesize and retain __________ _______ which are responsible for the yellow, orange or red colors of many flowers, old leaves, some fruits and some roots

A

carotenoid pigments

69
Q

Leucoplasts are ____________ ________ some of which synthesize starch while others produce oils or proteins

A

nonpigmented plastids

70
Q

leucoplasts may develop into ____________ upon exposure to light

A

chloroplasts

71
Q

Contain AMYLOPLASTS (which synthesize starch) & ELAIOPLASTS ( w/c synthesize oils)

A

Leucoplast

72
Q
  • known as the “powerhouse” of the cell
  • cucumber/paddle/rods or balls shaped
A

MITOCHONDRIA (Sing. MITOCHONDRION)

73
Q

mitochondria releases ENERGY from organic molecules by the process of?

A

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

74
Q

mitochondria is barely visible with _____ __________

A

light microscope

75
Q

mitochondria is in motion & accumulate in groups
where ______ is needed

A

energy

76
Q

mitochondria’s plate-like folds are called?

A

cristae

77
Q

Small, spherical organelles
with specialized enzymes & are
bound by single membrane

A

MICROBODIES

78
Q

contain enzymes needed by plants to survive during hot conditions (process is called PHOTORESPIRATION)

A

PEROXISOME

79
Q

contain enzymes that aid in conversion of fats to carbohydrates (e.g. seed germination)

A

GLYOXISOME

80
Q

stores enzymes that digest proteins (only in animal cells)

A

LYSOSOMES

81
Q

From the Latin word VACUUS (empty)

A

VACUOLE

82
Q
  • Maintains cell pressure & pH
  • Storage of cell metabolites & waste products
A

VACUOLE

83
Q

fluid inside the vacuole (slightly acidic); contains salt, sugar, organic acids & soluble protein & soluble pigments

A

CELL SAP

84
Q

responsible for the red, blue, purple color of flowers & reddish leaves. (e.g. Rhoeo discolor lower dermis)

A

ANTHOCYANIN

85
Q

Involved in the movement within the cell

A

Cytoskeleton

86
Q

Cytoskeleton’s two kinds of fibers

A

Microtubules & Microfilaments

87
Q

control the addition of cellulose to the cell wall; involved in cell division, movement of cytoplasmic organelles, movement of vesicles, movement of cilia and flagella

A

MICROTUBULES

88
Q

Microtubule - unbranched, thin ,hollow , tube like structure
composed of protein called _______

A

TUBULIN

Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy (14 decks)

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