PLANT STRUCTURES AND FUNTIONS Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
Most plants have _____ ______, _____, _____, and _______.
A
green leaves, stems, roots, and flowers
2
Q
first invented microscope was not useful (blurry & indiscernible details)
A
1500
3
Q
When did Anton van Leeuwenhoek made the microscope?
A
1632-1723
4
Q
an English Physicist made significant discovery with the
microscope (2 lenses)—using a cork he identified dead cells
A
Robert Hooke
5
Q
Scottish botanist first identified and named the cells NUCLEUS
A
Robert Brown
6
Q
Biologist concluded that all organisms are composed of cells
A
Late 1830’s
7
Q
German biologists Matthias Schleiden, a botanist (1838) and
Theodor Schwann, a zoologist published papers that is now
known as?
A
CELL THEORY
8
Q
stated all plants composed of cells
A
Matthias Schleiden
9
Q
stated all animals also composed of cells – thus claimed all living things composed of cells
A
Theodor Schwann
10
Q
stated all cells come from preexisting cells
A
Rudolf Virchow
11
Q
stated all cells existing today originated from ancient cells
A
August Weismann
12
Q
All organisms are made up of _____.
A
cells
13
Q
the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms
A
cells
14
Q
All cells come from cells that already ____.
A
exist
15
Q
All plant cells have the same basic __________ ____________
A
eukaryotic organization
16
Q
Contains many __________ with specific functions
A
organelles
17
Q
Enclosed by a membrane which defines their __________
A
boundaries
18
Q
Plants cells has presence of ____ ____
A
Cell Wall
19
Q
animal cell have no?
A
cell wall, plastid, chloroplast
20
Q
plant cell: rectangular
animal cell?
A
round
21
Q
centrioles is always present in?
A
animal cell
22
Q
centrioles of plant cell is only present in?
A
lower plant forms
23
Q
taking up 90% of the cell volume at the central part of plant cell
singular or small if found in animal cell
A
Vacuole
24
Q
Plasma Membrane in animal cell: Cell Membrane only
in plant cell?
A
Cell Membrane + Cell Wall
25
for protection; for photosynthesis
cell wall
26
main component of cell wall
Cellulose
27
a glue like substance that holds cellulose fibrils together
Hemicellulose
28
Cell walls are held together by?
MIDDLE LAMELLA
29
middle lamella is made up of?
Cellulose, Xyloglucan, Pectin, Proteins, Ca2+ ions, Lignin, Water & other ions
30
the organic material that gives stiffness to fruit jellies
Pectin
31
proteins associated with sugar
Glycoprotein
32
composed of cellulose deposited between the primary cell wall and plasma membrane to render support, strength and protection
Secondary cell walls
33
- tiny strands of cytoplasm that extends between cell openings
- Where transfer of sugar, ions, & other substances occur
PLASMODESMATA (sing. PLASMODESMA)
34
are permeable it allows movement of water &dissolved substances in & out of the cell
CELL WALLS & Middle lamellae
35
- consists of all of the contents outside of the nucleus and enclosed within the cell membrane of a cell
- It is clear in color and has a gel-like appearance
- composed mainly of water but also contains enzymes, salts, organelles, and various organic molecules
CYTOPLASM
36
- THE OUTER boundary of the cell
- thin semi-permeable layer that regulates substances that goes in & out of the cell
- Composed ofPHOSPHOLIPIDS in 2 layers interspersed with protein
PLASMA MEMBRANE
37
It mediates the transport of
substances into and out of the
protoplasm
PLASMA MEMBRANE
38
It coordinates the synthesis
and assembly of cellulose
microfibrils
PLASMA MEMBRANE
39
relays hormonal and environmental signals involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation
PLASMA MEMBRANE
40
- Grayish, spherical to ellipsoidal lump
- Control center of the cell for growth, differentiation, & storage of hereditary information (passed on from cell to cell)
- DNA “blue prints”
NUCLEUS
41
in green cells the nucleus are
obscured by?
chloroplast
42
NUCLEAR ENVELOP membrane that envelops the
nucleus
43
granular fluid in the nucleus; suspends larger bodies
NUCLEOPLASM
44
composed of RNA & proteins
NUCLEOLI (SING. NUCLEOLUS)
45
- Produces ribosomes
- Moves the Endoplasmic Reticulum and is critical in protein synthesis
Nucleolus
46
- Thin strands involved in the process of dividing
- Not visible in light microscope unless stained
- Composed of protein & DNA
CHROMATIN
47
- Condensed chromatin strands
- thicker and shorter strands
- Structure of DNA that carries genes and functions of the cell
CHROMOSOMES
48
- An enclosed space with network of flattened sacs & tubes forming
channels
- Connected with the outer membrane of the nucleus
- Facilitates cellular communication & channeling of materials
- Primary site for membrane synthesis within the cell
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
49
with ribosomes; associated with synthesis, secretion or storage of proteins
Rough ER
50
associated with lipid secretion
Smooth ER
51
- Rough ellipsoidal in shape
- Composed of 2 subunits that are composed of RNA & proteins
- NOT membrane bound; NOT an organelle
ribosomes
52
how many kinds of protein are found in each ribosome of prokaryotic cell & slightly higher in eukaryotic?
55 kinds of protein
53
- Are stacks of flattened discs or vesicles scattered in the cytoplasm
- Bound by branching tubules from the ER
- Responsible for collecting, packaging, and delivery center or “post office” of the cell
DICTYOSOMES/ GOLGI APPARATUS
54
They occur in a variety of shapes and sizes (with the chloroplast)
PLASTIDS
55
_____ ______ have more chloroplast
higher plants
56
For higher plants the chloroplast resemble _ _______ glued together
2 frisbees
57
found within the chloroplast formed from membranes like a stack of coins
GRANA
58
stacks of 2-100 found in each granum; it contains green CHLOROPHYLL pigments; where the 1st steps of photosynthesis happen
THYLAKOIDS
59
- “before” plastids
- Small pale green or colorless organelles with almost the same size and form of mitochondria
- Fewer thylakoids
- They divide and distribute throughout the cell
Proplastids
60
This is where plastids arise
Proplastids
61
Membranes contain this and it’s associated proteins
chlorophyll
62
- Site of photosynthesis
- Have inner & outer membranes
- Surrounded by Stroma; Works like mitochondria
Chloroplast
63
During photosynthesis, ___ from stroma provide the energy for the production of sugar molecules
ATP
64
ATP means?
Adenosine triphosphate
65
colorless liquid portion of chloroplast containing enzyme involved
in photosynthesis
STROMA
66
Chloroplast contain ____ ________ ___ _________ that encodes for production of proteins needed for photosynthesis & RNA & ribosome facilitate protein synthesis
small circular DNA structure
67
Chromoplasts lack?
chlorophyll
68
Chromoplasts synthesize and retain __________ _______ which are responsible for the yellow, orange or red colors of many flowers, old leaves, some fruits and some roots
carotenoid pigments
69
Leucoplasts are ____________ ________ some of which synthesize starch while others produce oils or proteins
nonpigmented plastids
70
leucoplasts may develop into ____________ upon exposure to light
chloroplasts
71
Contain AMYLOPLASTS (which synthesize starch) & ELAIOPLASTS ( w/c synthesize oils)
Leucoplast
72
- known as the “powerhouse” of the cell
- cucumber/paddle/rods or balls shaped
MITOCHONDRIA (Sing. MITOCHONDRION)
73
mitochondria releases ENERGY from organic molecules by the process of?
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
74
mitochondria is barely visible with _____ __________
light microscope
75
mitochondria is in motion & accumulate in groups
where ______ is needed
energy
76
mitochondria's plate-like folds are called?
cristae
77
Small, spherical organelles
with specialized enzymes & are
bound by single membrane
MICROBODIES
78
contain enzymes needed by plants to survive during hot conditions (process is called PHOTORESPIRATION)
PEROXISOME
79
contain enzymes that aid in conversion of fats to carbohydrates (e.g. seed germination)
GLYOXISOME
80
stores enzymes that digest proteins (only in animal cells)
LYSOSOMES
81
From the Latin word VACUUS (empty)
VACUOLE
82
- Maintains cell pressure & pH
- Storage of cell metabolites & waste products
VACUOLE
83
fluid inside the vacuole (slightly acidic); contains salt, sugar, organic acids & soluble protein & soluble pigments
CELL SAP
84
responsible for the red, blue, purple color of flowers & reddish leaves. (e.g. Rhoeo discolor lower dermis)
ANTHOCYANIN
85
Involved in the movement within the cell
Cytoskeleton
86
Cytoskeleton's two kinds of fibers
Microtubules & Microfilaments
87
control the addition of cellulose to the cell wall; involved in cell division, movement of cytoplasmic organelles, movement of vesicles, movement of cilia and flagella
MICROTUBULES
88
Microtubule - unbranched, thin ,hollow , tube like structure
composed of protein called _______
TUBULIN
