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Susan's Biology Grade 12 > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

What is the study of plants called?

A

Botany

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2
Q

List some characteristics of plants.

A
  • eukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • autotrophs
  • cell wall contains cellulose
  • most live on land
  • embryo develops in the female
  • most are photosynthetic
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3
Q

List four important plant adaptations.

A
  • obtaining resources from soil and air through roots and shoots
  • standing upright with rigid cell walls for support
  • maintaining moisture with a waxy coating and pores on leaves
  • preproducing by using protection and dispersal for gametes and offspring
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4
Q

Define shoots and give two examples.

A

Above ground structures
1) stems (support plant toward the sun)
2) leaves (use CO2 and sun for photosynthesis)

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5
Q

Briefly discuss roots and their function.

A

Below ground structures anchor the plant and get water and minerals from the soil.

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6
Q

How do most plants transport materials between roots and shoots?

A

Through vascular tissue, made of tube-shaped cells

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7
Q

What is lignin?

A

A polymer that hardens plants’ cell walls and helps plant stand upright

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8
Q

Briefly discuss the cuticle.

A

A waxy, waterproof coating on shoots of land plants that prevents water loss; some plants have thicker cuticles than others

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9
Q

Identify and briefly discuss the microscopic pores on the leaf surface.

A

Stomata: exchange oxygen and CO2; can close to prevent water from evaporating

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10
Q

What prevents plant gametes from drying out?

A
  • encases in a protective cell
  • most plants produce sperm in pollen grains and eggs are fertilized in female plant structures
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11
Q

Where do plant embryos develop and how are they dispersed?

A

Inside the female parent; dispersed in seeds with a protective coating

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12
Q

Briefly discuss the alternation of generations in plants.

A

Plants alternate between haploid and diploid forms, and have distinct multicellular generations

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13
Q

Describe the gametophyte generation.

A
  • the haploid generation is called the gametophyte
  • the gametophyte produces gametes
  • gametes unite during fertilization to produce a zygote
  • the zygote grows through mitosis into a diploid sporophyte
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14
Q

Describe the sporophyte generation.

A
  • the diploid generation is called the sporophyte
  • the sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis
  • the spores undergo mitosis to produce the gametophyte
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15
Q

List two ways that spores are different from gametes.

A

Spores are asexual, develop into a new organism without fusing with another cell, and can have tough coats to withstand harsh conditions.

Gametes are sexual, must fuse with another cell to form a zygote, and are not adapted to resist harsh condition.

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16
Q

Briefly summarize the alternation of generations.

A

sporophytes > spores > gametophytes > gametes > fertilization > zygote

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17
Q

List the four major groups of plants.

A
  • byrophytes (mosses)
  • Pteridophytes (ferns)
  • Gymnosperms (conifers)
  • Angiosperms (flowering plants)
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18
Q

List three examples of Byrophytes.

A

Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

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19
Q

Briefly discuss three major characteristics of Byrophytes.

A
  • the gametophyte is the dominant generation
  • non-vascular
  • thin film of water for fertilization (damp habitats)
  • seedless
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20
Q

Describe the alteration of generations in Byrophytes.

A
  • gametes produced by reproductive structure on gametophyte
  • sperm swim to eggs
  • after fertilization, sporophyte grows from gametophyte on stalk, which releases spores
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21
Q

Where are gametes produced in moss?

A

Male and female structures on the tip of the gametophyte

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22
Q

Briefly describe the moss sporophyte.

A

The sporophyte grows from and remains attached to the gametophyte; spores are released from a capsule, undergo mitosis, and grow into a new gametophyte

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23
Q

Discuss the growth habit of moss.

A

Many gametophytes grow close together for support; the mat absorbs and holds moisture

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24
Q

Define peristome.

A

A structure on a spore capsule that releases spores

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25
List three groups of pteridophytes.
- Ferns, horsetails, and club mosses
26
List the major characteristics of pteridophytes.
- sporophyte is the dominant generation - vascular - seedless - spores in spore cases (sori) underneath fronds
27
Briefly describe a fern gametophyte.
- heart-shaped, produces sperm and egg in separate structures
28
How does fertilization occur in ferns?
- sperm swim through a film of water to eggs - zygote grows into a new sporophyte - sporophyte fronds grow from the gametophyte
29
What does the term "gymnosperm" mean?
"naked seed"; not enclosed in an ovary
30
List some adaptation of gymnosperms.
- smaller gametophyte, while the sporophyte is highly developed - pollen; male gametophytes contain cells that develop into sperm - seeds contain an embryo, food supply, and protective coating
31
List the four major groups of gymnosperms.
- cycads - gnetophytes - ginkgos - conifers
32
How are male and female cones different?
- both grow on the same tree - males at the top of trees; produce pollen - females on the lower half of the tree; produce eggs
33
How is pollen carried from male cones to female cones?
By wind
34
When does pollination occur in gymnosperms?
When pollen grains land on and enter the female cone; fertilization takes place one year later
35
What is an ovule?
A female reproductive structure that develops into a seed when feritilized
36
How long after pollination are gymnosperm seeds released?
Two years
37
How are gymnosperm seeds dispersed?
Wind - seeds have wings, and each cone scale has two ovules (later become seeds)
38
Define a flower.
The reproductive structure in an angiosperm
39
In angiosperms, what is the male gametophyte, and where is it produced?
Pollen grains; produced in the stamen
40
List and describe the two parts of a stamen.
- Anther: sac-like, contains pollen - Filament: stalk that holds anthers
41
What is the function of stamen hairs?
Pollen grains are held in place by stamen hairs until picked up by animals
42
In angiosperms, what is the female gametophyte and where is it produced?
Embryo sacs; produced inside the carpel
43
List and describe the three parts of a carpel.
- stigma: sticky tip - style: slender stalk - ovary: protective chamber containing at least one ovule
44
Briefly describe the development and composition of the embryo sac.
- diploid cell in each ovule undergoes meiosis to make four haploids - one spore does three mitosis cycles to make an embryo sac (seven cells) - one of the seven cells is an egg cell
45
Define pollination for angiosperms.
The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma
46
How is pollination usually accomplished in angiosperms?
By insects and other animals; some by wind or water
47
Briefly describe a pollen tube.
- on the stigma, pollen grains absorb water and extend pollen tubes, which grow down toward the ovary - two sperm cells develop inside each pollen tube; once the tube releases the embryo sac inside the ovule, the sperm are released
48
How is fertilization in angiosperms a "double fertilization"?
- a sperm and an egg merge to create a zygote - a sperm an a large central cell with two nuclei merge to create an endosperm, a food-storing tissue that nourishes the embryo
49
Contrast pollination and fertilization.
- pollination: pollen lands on the stigma - fertilization: sperm meet cells in the embryo sac
50
What plant structures are eventually formed from the ovary and the ovules?
The ovary becomes the fruit; the ovules become seeds
51
List the stages of fruit development.
- buds form - buds grow - flowers develop - if pollinated, the flower dies and fruit develops - fruit grows - fruit fully ripens to aid in seed dispersal
52
List three types of fruit.
- simple - aggregate - seed coat
53
List some ways that seeds are dispersed.
- wind (small, winged seeds) - animals carry sticky seeds on their body - seeds in eaten fruit dropped in waste in a new location - some floating seeds are dispersed by water
54
Define germination.
The process by which a plant grows from a seed
55
Briefly describe the process of germination.
- seed takes up water - hydrated seed expands and ruptures the seed coat - plant embryo grows - new plant survives on stored food until capable of photosynthesis
56
List some examples of conditions for germination.
- in deserts: after a heavy rainfall - in harsh winters: after long exposure to cold - the intense heat of forest fires
57
What are the two types of angiosperms?
- monocots - dicots
58
Briefly discuss how germination varies in monocots and dicots.
Monocots: - long narrow leaf - three sets of floral parts - protective sheath to protect growing shoot Dicots: - broad leaves - four sets of floral parts - tip of stem remains hooked to protect the shoot until it breaks through the soil
59
List some characteristics of monocots and dicots.
Monocot: - one cotyledon, or embryonic seed leaf - orchids, bamboos, palms, lilies Dicot: - two cotyledons most angiosperms (trees, shrubs, most crops)
60
What is another term for asexual reproduction in plants?
Vegetative propagation (clones to original plant)
61
What are the primary benefits of asexual reproduction in plants?
- Propagate crops and decor plants more quickly - Duplicate desired traits exactly
62
Give two examples of vegetative propagation.
- cacti drop pieces of stem that become clones - trees and shrubs send out shoots from the trunk base, which grow into new plants
63
List and define three possible life spans of plants.
- annuals: one year - biennuals: two years - perennials: 2 or more years, up to decades
64
What is the largest family of angiosperms?
Orchid (25,000 species)

Susan's Biology Grade 12 (8 decks)

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