plants that affect ACETYLCHOLINE receptors

Question 1

What makes up the nervous system?

Answer 1

• central nervous system CNS: brain and spinal cord

- peripheral nervous system (carries messages to and from the CNS)

Question 2

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 2

• somatic nervous system (control voluntary muscles and transmits sensory information to the CNS)
• autonomic nervous system (controls involuntary body functions)

Question 3

What makes up the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 3

• sympathetic nervous system - fight or flight (arouses body to expend energy)
• parasympathetic nervous system - rest and digest (calms body to conserve and maintain energy

Question 4

characteristics of parasympathetic

Answer 4

How we should be feeling normally: constricted pupil, slow heartbeat, constricts bronchial tubules, stimulates bile secretion, constriction of blood vessels, stimulates activity of digestive system, relaxed uterus, increased urinary output

Question 5

characteristics of sympathetic

Answer 5

perceived/actual stress: dilated pupil, increased heartbeat, dilated brachial tubules, sweating, increased rate of glycogen to glucose by liver, decreased digestive system activity, vaginal contraction, relaxed bladder

Question 6

function of sympathetic vs. parasympathetic

Answer 6

defend body against attack vs. healing, regeneration and nourishing the body

Question 7

overall effect of sympathetic vs. parasympathetic

Answer 7

catabolic vs. anabolic

Question 8

psychological qualities of sympathetic vs. parasympathetic

Answer 8

fear, guilt, sadness, anger, willfulness and aggressiveness vs. calmness, contentment and relaxation

Question 9

what neurone is involved in the autonomic nervous system, parasympathetic division?

Answer 9

cholinergic neurons

Question 10

what neurones are involved in the autonomic nervous system, sympathetic division?

Answer 10

cholinergic neuron and adrenergic neuron

Question 11

what are 4 types of neurotransmitters?

Answer 11

1. acetylcholine
2. amino acids
3. monoamines
4. purines (adenosine)

Question 12

examples of amino acids as neurotransmitters?

Answer 12

• glutamate
• GABA
• glycine

Question 13

examples of monoamine neurotransmitters?

Answer 13

• indolamines: serotonin

- catecholamines: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Question 14

what neurotramitters do cholinergic neurons use?

Answer 14

acetylcholine

Question 15

what neurotransmitters does the sympathetic division use?

Answer 15

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, cortisol

Question 16

acetylcholine is found in the sympathetic as a …..

Answer 16

ganglion neurotransmitter

Question 17

acetylcholine is found in the parasympathetic as both … and …

Answer 17

ganglionic and terminal neurotransmitter

Question 18

what are the receptors of acetylcholine?

Answer 18

• ionotropic

- metabotropic

Question 19

what is another name for inotropic receptor?

Answer 19

nicotinic receptors

Question 20

what is another name for metabotropic receptor?

Answer 20

muscarinic receptors

Question 21

acetylcholine is found in: (3)

Answer 21

• motor neuron
• brain
• autonomic nervous system

Question 22

characteristics of the nicotinic/ionotropic receptor:

Answer 22

ligand-gated ion channel

ligand binds to receptor - receptor opens up and causes a response. Very simple and very fast

Question 23

characteristics of the muscarinic/metabotropic receptor:

Answer 23

a lot slower, requires more steps
ligand binds to the receptor which causes a conformational change (G-protein)
subunit can go to inotropic receptor and open it

Question 24

scientific name for tobacco

Answer 24

Nicotiana rustica

Nicotiana tabacum

Question 25

part used of tobacco

Answer 25

leaves

Question 26

bioactive compound of tobacco

Answer 26

nicotine (alkaloid)

Question 27

nicotine acts as a ....... for acetylcholine

Answer 27

receptor agonist -> mimics effects of acetylcholine

Question 28

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is found in ....

Answer 28

autonomic - para and sympathetic system | somatic - neuromuscular junction

Question 29

why is nicotine highly addictive?

Answer 29

directly stimulates the acetylcholine receptors on dopamine-containing neurons which causes an overflow of dopamine in the reward centres of the brain => activates the Dopaminergic pathways (reward-related cognition and conditioning/habituation)

Question 30

nicotine activates the .... nervous system, stimulating the release of ...

Answer 30

sympathetic nervous system stimulating the release of epinephrine

Question 31

how does the nAChR work?

Answer 31

1. action potential arrives at terminal of neuron 2. vesicles containing the neurotransmitters fuse with the plasma membrane 3. neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft 4. neurotransmitter bins to the nAChR 5. causing an intracellular signal

Question 32

what happens to the neurotransmitters once the message is sent to the receiving neuron?

Answer 32

- reuptake of neurotransmitters by presynaptic neuron - enzyme degradation -> acetyclholinesterase - neurotransmitters diffuse away from synapse

Question 33

What are PAMs

Answer 33

positive allosteric modulators - increase the receptor's response to Acetylcholine

Question 34

how is nicotine an agonist for acetylcholine?

Answer 34

it either binds with the nAChR or it inhibits the degrading enzyme acetylcholinesterase

Question 35

nicotine .... the nAChR

Answer 35

up regulation -> more receptors -> increased craving (habituation)

Question 36

curing and aging of tobacco leaves generates carcinogenic ......

Answer 36

tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs)

Question 37

severe health effects of tobacco use comes from other chemicals such as ...

Answer 37

tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs)

Question 38

insufflation

Answer 38

the act of blowing something into a body cavity

Question 39

expectorant

Answer 39

promotes the secretion of sputum

Question 40

stimulant

Answer 40

causing raised levels of psychological to nervous activity in the body

Question 41

depressant

Answer 41

causing reduced functional or nervous activity

Question 42

entheogenic

Answer 42

a drug that causes one to become inspired or to experience feelings of inspiration, often in a religious or "spiritual" manner

Question 43

scientific name for fly agaric

Answer 43

amanita muscaria

Question 44

part used of fly agaric

Answer 44

entire mushroom

Question 45

bioactive compound of fly agaric

Answer 45

muscarine (alkaloid)

Question 46

muscarine is an .... of acetylcholine

Answer 46

agonist

Question 47

what is the mechanism of action of muscarine?

Answer 47

it binds to muscarinic/metabotropic acetylcholine receptor causing profound activation of the parasympathetic nervous system (not degraded by acetylcholinesterase which explains its toxicity)

Question 48

what can treat the effect of muscarine?

Answer 48

atropine -> antagonist of muscarinic receptor

Question 49

muscarine is NOT the main psychoactive compound, which are they?

Answer 49

MUSCIMOL and its pre-drug IBOTENIC ACID are the cause of hallucinations and toxicity

Question 50

muscimol is a potent selective .... receptor agonist

Answer 50

GABA

Question 51

Ibotenic acid is a potent .... of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and metabotropic GLUTAMATE receptors

Answer 51

agonist

Question 52

which plants are used in Divination?

Answer 52

angel's trumpets, Jimson weed, Morning glory

Question 53

scientific name of angel's trumpet

Answer 53

Brugmansia spp.

Question 54

Scientific name of Jimson weed

Answer 54

Datura stramonium

Question 55

Scientific name of morning glory

Answer 55

Ipomoea tricolor

Question 56

what are the main compounds in angel's trumpets AND jimson weed?

Answer 56

Tropane alkaloids: scopolamine, hyoscymine, atropine

Question 57

what are the main compounds in morning glory?

Answer 57

ergoline alkaloids: ergonovine, ergine

Question 58

what are the parts used of Jimson Weed?

Answer 58

seeds/leaves

Question 59

how do tropane alkaloids work?

Answer 59

they are ANTI-CHOLINERGIC and inhibit the transmission of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine => Ach antagonist on muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

Question 60

tropane alkaloids .... the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 60

suppress

Question 61

in the synaptic cleft, ACh is rapidly broken down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. ... is transported back into the axon terminal and is used to make more ACh.

Answer 61

choline

Question 62

how to anticholinergics work?

Answer 62

competitive antagonism of acetylcholine at central and peripheral muscarinic receptors

Question 63

what are the symptoms of anticholinergic toxidrome?

Answer 63

blind, mad, red, hot, dry, racing heart, bowel and bladder lose their tone

Question 64

glycoalkaloids act as ..... of acetylcholine. Mode of action?

Answer 64

agonist by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase

Question 65

scientific name for chili pepper

Answer 65

Capsicum annum

Question 66

part used of chili pepper

Answer 66

fruit

Question 67

bioactive compound of chili pepper

Answer 67

capsaicin (protoalkaloid)

Question 68

capsaicin binds to which receptor?

Answer 68

transient receptor potential vanillin 1 receptor

Question 69

galantamine is an ..... of acetylcholine, how does it work?

Answer 69

agonist by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase

Question 70

acetylcholinesterase inhibitors stimulate the .....

Answer 70

parasympathetic nervous system | galantamine, glycoalkaloids

Question 71

acetylcholine antagonists reduce the ....

Answer 71

parasympathetic nervous system (tropane alkaloids)